100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Summary Evolutionary Developmental Biology (AB_1141) partial exam 1+2+3 €9,99   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Summary Evolutionary Developmental Biology (AB_1141) partial exam 1+2+3

 9 keer bekeken  0 keer verkocht

Complete summary of the course Evolutionary Developmental Biology (AB_1141) from the 1st year of biomedical sciences, VU Amsterdam. This summary contains all information needed for partial exam 1, 2 and 3, and includes all the material from the lectures and the book that was required for this cours...

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 4 van de 62  pagina's

  • Ja
  • 27 januari 2024
  • 62
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting
book image

Titel boek:

Auteur(s):

  • Uitgave:
  • ISBN:
  • Druk:
Alle documenten voor dit vak (30)
avatar-seller
SummaryLin
Evolutionary Developmental
Biology summary (exam 1+2+3)




1

,Lecture 1 | EDB introduction 3
Lecture 2 | The story of our ancestors 3
Lecture 3 | Migrations & hybridizations 6
Lecture 4+5 | Phylogenetic reconstruction 10
Lecture 6 | Genetics 12
Lecture 7 | Partner choice & sexuality 14
Lecture 8 | Model organisms 17
Lecture 9+10 | Genetic variation and selection 19
Lecture 11+12 | Neutral evolution and genetic distance 23
Lecture 13+14 | Cleavage patterns, germ layers & body axes 25
Lecture 15 | Molecular evolution of body plans 29
Lecture 16 | Bipedalism 32
Lecture 17 | Gill arches 33
Lecture 18 | The heart 35
Lecture 19 | Kidney and lung 36
Lecture 20 | Heterochrony 38
Lecture 21 | Developmental plasticity 40
Lecture 22 | Aging and life history evolution 42
Lecture 23 | Journal club: Sex di erence in pathology of the aging gut
mediates the greater response of female lifespan to dietary restriction 45
Lecture 24 | Evolution of the brain 46
Lecture 25 | Language and cognition 49
Lecture 26+27 | Defenses & pathogen evolution 50
Lecture 28 | Evolution of sociality 55
Lecture 29 | Cultural evolution 57
Lecture 30+31 | Evolutionary mismatches & modern society 60




2


ff

,Lecture 1 | EDB introduction
- Charles Darwin (1859), On the Origin of Species
- Evolution: change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive
generations
- Natural selection:
1. Variation in reproductive success
2. Variation in trait of interest
3. Correlation between trait and reproductive success
4. Trait is heritable
- Survival of the ttest
- ~1920-1950: modern evolutionary synthesis
> Merging natural selection with genetics
- Darwinism + modern synthesis (Neo-Darwinism) + extended synthesis
- Since early 1990s: Darwinian/evolutionary medicine
- Types of thinking:
- Typological — ‘normal’/average condition is most important aspect to consider
- Population — understanding variation in a population
> Patterns of variation in space+time
> See evolution ‘live’ in action (e.g. covid-19 or antibiotic resistance)
> Heritable traits with standing genetic variation and possibly subject to selection
in humans
> Behavior, physiology, morphology, life-cycle traits
> Not everything is adaptive
> When is something adaptive?
1. Observing natural selection (experimental evolution in microorganisms/
nematodes/insects)
2. Perturbing the trait (move trait away from its optimum)
3. Trait is produced only when it serves a function (e.g. spine development
in Daphnia when predators are present)
> Most of these are not possible in humans -> model organisms +
association studies / phylogenetic analyses
- Tree thinking — understanding the position of a species/trait in phylogenetic tree
> Expresses relationship among organisms and their evolutionary history




Lecture 2 | The story of our ancestors
- Homo sapiens (‘knowledgeable man’)
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Primates
- Family: Hominidae (human, chimpanzee, gorilla)
- Subfamily: Homininae (~7 Mya)
> Bipedalism, brain size, family structure and sexuality
> Homo sapiens is only species alive
- Genus: Homo
- ~4100 Mya — Origin of life
- ~18 Mya — Hominidae (great apes)
- Primates are our ‘extended family’; Hominidae-speci c characteristics are: no tail, remarkably
long periods of nursing and adolescence, sexual dimorphism



3


fi fi

, - Homininae are our closest relatives
> Many splits and dead ends (cladogenesis; new species emerge from side branches,
while main branch continues/dies out)
> Anagenesis: gradual evolution of a species; main branch evolves in straight line
into a new species, without splitting; only 1 species is alive at a time
> Precise phylogeny still debated
- All old fossil hominins are found in Africa (mostly East Africa, Great Rift Valley)
- Ecological context of hominin evolution:
- African rain forest gave way to savannah 10 Mya -> novel ecological niche (terrestrial
instead of arboreal lifestyle demanded adaptation)
- Important hominin species:
- Australopithecus afarensis
- Lived in Africa, ~3.5 Mya
- Ancestor of all Homo species
- Mosaic of ancestral and derived traits
- Homo erectus
- Lived in Africa and Asia, ~1.5 Mya
- African H. erectus ancestor of H. sapiens
- Homo neanderthalensis
- Lived in Europe and Asia, 600-30 kya
- Similarities to H. sapiens; extinct sister clade
- From early hominins to Australopithecus (road towards bipedalism):
- Ardipithecus ramidus (‘Ardi’) (5.8-5.2 Mya) was bipedal, but still with primitive traits:
most notably, foot with large hallux abduction
- In Australopithecus, bipedalism was accomplished
> Step-wise re-organization of entire skeleton
> Basis for evolution of other ‘human’ adaptations
- Bipedalism freed the hands (allowing availability for taking food to home base),
enhances overview of surroundings (predators more easily spotted), e cient way of
moving forward without proceeding too fast, straight-up posture reduces quantity of
absorbed solar radiation while upper body is able to cool o by using air ow (better
heat regulation in hot climate)
- Lucy (A. Afarensis, 3.2 Mya, excavated 1974 in Ethiopia) was most complete Australopithecus
fossil at that time
- First to display characteristics of bipedalism AND small brain -> settled ‘brain rst’ vs
‘bipedalism rst’ debate
- Mosaic evolution in Australopithecus:
- Not all humanlike traits evolved at same time
- Apomorphic (derived, newly evolved) vs plesiomorphic (ancestral)
- Skull shape and brain volume largely plesiomorphic
- Dental arcade changed from U-shaped to parabolic and became shorter
- Reduction in canine teeth size in Australopithecus, but still signi cant sexual
dimorphism
> Teeth di erence ~ diet
> Robust (herbivore) vs gracile (omnivore) species could exist
simultaneously; robust all became extinct
- A. Afarensis had a strong sexual dimorphism in body size
> Sexual dimorphism due to living in harems (single dominant male with several females ->
competition among males -> dimorphism due to intra-sexual selection)
> Baboons are polygynous (living in harem groups), very dimorphic
> Gibbons are monogamous, not dimorphic
> Dimorphism gradually disappeared




4



fi ff ff fi ffi fl fi

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper SummaryLin. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €9,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 82871 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€9,99
  • (0)
  Kopen