Study guide

Modern History Exam Preparation

Name: Modern History Exam Preparation
SKU: doc_435429
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Author: Patricia97

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Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)

Summary and exam preparation in relation to the customized Version of "Western civilization: Beyond boundares" by Nobel/Strauss et al. This summary consists of all key Terms, section summaries and chapter summaries of the Modern History book. Besides, all Seminar Questions and answers are added. ...

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Geupload op 14 juni 2018
Aantal pagina's 63
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Type Study guide

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Door: John98 • 6 jaar geleden

Very good and comprehensive, next time it would be better to name the countries in full instead of G. and F. for instance

Door: danielschneider • 6 jaar geleden

Door: Patricia97 • 6 jaar geleden

Thank you!

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Patricia Leistner

Week 1: Introduction: Europe in the World – The Age of the French
Revolution 1789-1815
KEY WORDS

- Third Estate = common people in France / clergy = First Estate / nobles = 2nd Estate
 Representative body in estates general
- National Assembly = Legislative body formed in France in June 1789
 Members of Third Estate in Estates General joined by members of clergy
 Representatives of the nation
- Tennis Court Oath = pledge signed in France in 1789
 Deputies meet until constitution was drafted
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen = document issued by National Assembly
of France in Aug. 1789 (modelled on US constitution)
 The “natural, inalienable + sacred rights of man”
- Sans-culottes = ordinary citizens of revolutionary Paris  nickname resulted from their
inability to afford fashionable knee pants
- Jacobins = in France  republican political club named for a monastic order
- Maximilian Robespierre = F. lawyer + revolutionary leader, influential member of
Committee of Public Safety (1793-1794)  advocated terror to suppress internal dissent
- The Terror = systematic repression of internal enemies (by F. revolutionary government)
from 1793-94  14.000 executed
- Society of Revolutionary Republican Women = powerful political club in Paris
 Represented interests of female sans-culottes
- Directory = F. revolutionary government from 1795-1799
 Executive council of 5 men chosen by upper house of legislature
- Napoleon Bonaparte = F. general, participated in coup 1799 against Directory
 Consolidated power as first consul, emperor from 1804-1815
- Civil Code = Law Code established under Napoleon in 1804
 Limited acceptance of military gains (guarantee of equality before the law, taxation of all
social classes)
- Francois Dominique Toussaint-Louverture: former slave, governed Haiti as independent
state after slave revolt of 1791

CHAPTER 19

The Origins of Revolution, 1775-1789 (p.546-553)
• Inspired by events in America, elites in Ireland, NL + Poland pushed for greater political
liberty
• change in public opinion → as citizens = right to representation in government
• reason for crisis of Old Regime in 1780s:
1) bankruptcy
 F. government debt increased by support for American colonies against GB
2) institutional constraints on monarchy → defended traditional privileges
3) public opinion → pushed monarchy towards reform
 F. soldiers + courtiers exposed to revolutionary ideas in America
 Agitation for reform within elite society
• beginning of Revolution 1789: Establishment of National Assembly
 commoners in 3rd Estate claimed mandate to write a constitution + enact changes in law

,Patricia Leistner

• July 1789: Storm of the Bastille → emergence of popular militia → symbolic action
showed reversal of Old Regime → new principles
• The Women's March to Versailles → shortage of bread → women accompanied by popular
militas (National Guard)
 king agreed to demands + accepted constitutional role
 Assembly starts to govern in name of the “nation”

The Phases of the Revolution, 1789-1799
1st Phase 1789-1791
 Constitutional Monarchy
 Tensions between moderate reformers (satisfied) + republicans (against any kind of
monarchy)
nd
2 Phase + Foreign War, 1791-1793 (p.556-557)
 April 1972: Louis declared war against Austria (under pressure from Assembly)
 War becoming ongoing factor in revolution
 Assembly abolished personal guard of king, now provincial National Guardsmen
 Emergence of well-organized popular assemblies (sans-culottes)  petition for exile of
king, election of new city officials + exemption poor from taxation  aim: saving the state
 Aug 1791: storming of Tuileries Palace (2nd major phase)
 Establishment of republican government  declared 1792 by National Convention
 elected by universal manhood suffrage

 Phases shaped by elites’ desire for change, demands of common people + need to
defence F. against foreign monarchs
 1789-1791: National Assembly wrote constitution, seized + sold church property, ended
traditional obligations of peasants + reorganized local government
 1791: constitution implemented + Legislative Assembly elected
 1792: Parisian citizens overthrew monarchy, Convention (elected by universal manhood
suffrage) governed the republic
 1793: Louis XVI guillotined

The Faltering Republic and the Terror
 1793: Establishment Committee of Public Safety  led by radical Jacobins
 Transfer of power from National Convention to Committee of Public Safety
 Controlled government + defended F. from foreign invasion, economic assistance to
common people
 1793-94: policy of official terror, declared by Robespierre  systematic repression of
internal enemies
 Law of Suspect: arrest on suspicion
 1793: The Law of the Maximum (first to control price of grain was extended)
 Mass conscription of citizens into the army (levee en masse)  effective popular army
 Elimination of traditional calendar, churches + related holidays  peasant uprisings  loss
of poor relief, community life + familiar ritual
 Terror ended by members of Convention  no need for terror  F. armies besieged Austria
 Robespierre + followers guillotined in July 1794

The Thermidorian Reaction + the Directory, 1794-1799 (p.561-62)
 Thermidorian = post-Terror phase  began in revolutionary month of Thermidor(July-
August)
 Continued royalists uprising, local political issues between Jacobins + moderates

,Patricia Leistner

 Government + Directory could not bring stability
 Directory turned to army commanders  coup by 2 members of Directory + Napoleon + his
brother Lucien 1799

The Napoleonic Era and the Legacy of Revolution, 1799-1815 (p.563-
 Carefully expanded his power after coup  emperor in 1804
 Recruited former royal officials, old nobility + recent revolutionaries in government 
resolved partly political tensions (resulted from revolution)
 Napoleon’s law code + agreement with Catholic church  made permanent key changes
from 1st phase of Revolution
 Free political life ended
 Senate chosen by Napoleon + press under heavy censorship, political clubs banned
 1804: Napoleon declared himself Emperor
 1804: Civil Code  equality before law, modern forms of property ownership + civil
contracts
 NO individual rights + limited acceptance of revolutionary gains
 legal domination of women by fathers + husbands
 elite tolerated N. claims to power  safeguarded fundamental revolutionary gains +
reconfirmed their status
 by 1810: N. transformed Europe into allied or dependent states
 exception: Britain + parts of Spain + Portugal
- Napoleon’s armies exported French Revolution  brought political (Civil Code) +
economic reform/ political liberty
 In Americas: inspired movements for independence from colonial rule, ex: Haiti 
slaves + free person without politic. Rights overthrew F. rule
 Napoleon’s Continental system closed off the Continent to British trade

 High costs of Nap. foreign conquests resulted in overthrow of regime + contributed to
long-term problems of F. government

Defeat and Abdication, 1812-1815
 Alliance with Russia  was supposed to marry sister of Tsar Alexander  chose Austrian
princess
 Seized lands in Germany of Alexander’s family  wanted to end alliance  invasion of
Russia by Napoleon  campaign started 1812 Outcome: failure
 Principle battle: Borodino
 1812 Emerging resistance in Spain  supported by British troops  collapse of F. control
 Anglo-Spanish force planning to invade France together with Tsar Alexander
 1814 invaded France + forced Napoleon to abdicate
 Final defeat of Napoleon 1815 at Waterloo

The Legacy of Revolution for France and the World
 Monarchy restored, but absolute monarchy discredited in theory + practice
 After revolution: regime rested on fragile political system  division over legitimacy
 In comparison to E  politics established on new principles

Questions pertaining to the lecture

, Patricia Leistner

1. Explain why between 1780 and 1945 the position of Europe in the world both expanded and
was reduced. Include the role of economics, international politics and culture in your
answer.

Expansion Reduction
- Industrialization (economics) - Modernization in Asia: Japan +
- Imperialism (intern. Politics + China (economics)
culture) - Conflict/ war: Japan vs Russia,
- Clashes between different cultures China
 ideals + technology spread - Americanization (culture)
- Provincializing Europe  only one
part of world  impact of WW +
d.c

2. Explain why the course of the French Revolution evoked great fear of revolutions and
democracy both in bourgeoisie and the ruling classes in 19th century Europe.

- Louis as symbol for Absolutism  was under pressure due to different uprisings
 Was realized by other European powers/ rulers
 Tried to flee to Austria (June 1971)  shows weakness  Louis deposed + legislature
dissolved
- Clergy + nobility wanted to keep their privileges, ex: picture: nobility + clergy crushing
bourgeoise  rock = taxes
 Resisted taxation

Questions pertaining to the textbook

3. Discuss and explain eighteenth-century European reform movements outside France.

◦ All movements = results of American Revolution/ affected by their ideas
◦ 1775-1783: American Revolutionary War against Britain
◦ 1779-1782: Irish Volunteer Movement against Britain
▪ Ruling class (English + Scottish) demanded greater autonomy from Britain
▪ policies favoured B. imperial interests, i.e.: exclusion of Irish ports from oversea
commerce
▪ parliamentary debates + military defiance
▪ 1782: greater parliamentary autonomy + repeal of restrictions on commerce
◦ Netherlands: Patriots vs Orangists
▪ as Irish influenced by economic + political consequences of B. relationship with
colonies → inspired by success of A. rebels + claim for politic. Self-determination
◦ Poland: 1791 Constitution → first codified one in Europe
▪ 1792 suppressed by Catherine the Great
▪ 1794 suppressed by alliance of R. + Prussian troops

4. What was the attitude of the French government to the American Revolution? What were
some of the reasons France supported the Americans, and how important was that support?
What were the results for France of involvement in the Revolution?

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