Samenvatting
Syntaxis II samenvatting van het boek 'Introducing Syntax'
Een samenvatting van het boek 'Introducing Syntax', behorende bij de colleges van Syntaxis II.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 11 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 11 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Syntaxis samenvatng – Introducing SytnaxCh. 1
Plural nouns = things; count(able) nouns = chair; mass nouns = buter; abstract = peace
Nouns and verbs behave diferently hen it comes to the syntactc surroundings they can occur
in
o Nouns can be preceded by an artcle or adjectvess the door/*the seems
o Verbs can appear afer innnitve marker ‘to’s J. ants to .. /*J. ants to door
Substitution test >> if t o elements X and Y share the same syntactc features, then in every
grammatcal sentence that contains X you can replace X by Y (and v.v.) and the sentence remains
grammatcal
Functonal categories = closedcclass categories (artcles and complementsers)
Lexical categories = opencclass categories (verbs and nouns)
Whenever e cannot substtute element X for Y, there must be some feature that distnguishes
them
o Can be a categorical feature but it doesn’t have to be
Syntax cares about categories; not ords
Categorical features the property of a ord that tells us e.g. hether something is a verb or a
noun, or hether it belongs to some other category
Ch.2
Ch. 3 – dit is vanaf 3.3
Passive sentence – the original OB takes over the positon of the SU, but retains its crole
Every sentence must contain a SU
o May be lef unexpressed = subject drop (not absent; if so, the verb could never agree
ith it)
o Imperatve clauses
Sentence ith eather verb – cannot contain an argument and must have a subject
o Expletve SU is inserted
A passive verb assigns one fe er crole
chierarchys henever a verb assigns one fe er crole, the crole that disappears is al ays the
highest one
The type of crole carried by a subject or object, thus follo s directly from the chierarchy
Ergative verb = can functon ithout the highest crole
o They only optonally assign the AGENT role
o The pirates sank the ship/the ship sank (agents and theme/theme)
Highest crole has disappeared
The entre string is a main clause; part of the main clause is an embedded clause
John hopes to win the race – John is an argument and must be given a crole from a verb, but
hich one is responsible?
o A fourth argument, some unexpressed pronoun > PRO
o PRO – an empty arguments syntactcally present and so it can receive a crole
It seems that John wins the race; *It hopes that John wins the race
o Seem does not assign a crole to its subject (p. 72!!)
, o Hope needs to assign a crole to its subject but it is just an expletve subject. Insertng it
leads to ungrammatcality because the AGENT role of hopes has not been assigned, in
violaton of ctheory.
o Consequence of ctheory and follo s directly from our hypotheses (p. 73/74)
Restrictons on the occurrence of PRO
o PRO can only be the subject of a noncnnite clause
o [PRO to win the race]; *PRO loves John
Ch. 4
One argument too fe can stll be OK if the context allo s for it; an argument too many is al ays
bad
PRO can only functon as the subject of an embedded, noncnnite clause
o Other ise ‘*John loves PRO’ ould be grammatcal
o This does not follo from ctheory itself; ctheory allo s PRO to receive a crole
Cases to distnguish the diferent forms of some pronouns
o Nominatve – she
o Accusatve – her
AGENTcPATIENT distncton and nomcacc distncton are independent of each other
o He visited her; *Her was visiteds her is PATIENT in both sentences c>>
PATIENTss sometmes nom., sometmes acc; and nom. is not reserved for AGENTs only
Case theory puts restrictons on nominal arguments in general
Diferent syntactc heads are responsible for diferent cases
When a pronoun receives case from a prepositon, it is part of a consttuent that can drif a ay
from the verb a bit. When a pronoun gets its case from the verb, it has to be next to it
A nominal argument that is not a subject, needs to be assigned accusatve case by either a verb
or a propositon
Case is sometmes visible, but can sometmes be invisible too
o V and P assign a property that is not necessarily visible
Syntactc dependencies = dependent relatonships bet een consttuents
Nominatve case must be assigned by a head
Embedded subjects do not al ays carry nominatve case
Nominatve case marking is only possible if the sentence contains a nnite verb?
o May, can and must never carry an –s; but they don’t have noncnnite counterparts
Lexical verbs – nnite and noncnnite forms
Modal aux – verbs like may, can and must
o To separate them from noncmodal aux. like has in Mary has walked
The presence of modal AUX in a sentence allo s for the presence of a nominatve subject as ells
being nnite, modal AUX can assign nom. case
Complementary distributons here one occurs, the others cannot longer occur
o *I buy eat sausages – they can all potentally nll the V slot, but once that slot is nlled by
one verb, other verbs are excluded from that positon
If t o ords cannot cococcur together, this may mean that they strive to occupy the same
positon. But if t o ords can peacefully cococcur in a clause, it means that they are in a diferent
positon
o Modal verbs and lexical verbs are not in complementary distributon
There is a single, separate positon in the structure for all nnite aux
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper 123noam. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €3,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 51683 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen