Samenvatting
Samenvatting hoofdstuk 8 Kirk's fire investigation (in het Engels)
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- Hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein (VHL)
Samenvatting Kirk's Fire Investigation hoofdstuk 8 met verklarende figuren.
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Door: rosannaxb • 4 jaar geleden
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
8. Wildland Fires and Their InvestigationWildland fies: fires in open lan sovere with rrass rrss or imrer.
Fire Spread
Fasthors sprea of wil lan fire:
Toporrap y
o Slope
o Aspesth (sosth -fasinr slopes are expose tho more ssn th an north -fasinr slopes an
so rier an so arle tho sspporth larrer fasther-movinr firess
Terrain th ath san raw fires fasther spwar s (e. r. roskss
Weath er (win iresion spee themperathsre relaive smi ithys
Fsels
Differenth litter sspporths ifferenth fire; s rsrs rasses an slas sspporth fasth-movinr fires th ath san
irnithe ladder fuels (sonnesth fires stharthe in rrosn litter tho th e thop of or rethween th e threess. T e
srown sspporths fire well; ith as fsel elemenths ssrrosn e ry air. T e fire firsth evaporathes wather in th e
expose foliare th en evaporathes th e volailes an th en pyrolyzes th e emisellslose sellslose an
lirnin intho somrssirle rases. T e sthare of th e foliare (e. r. rreen or ea s as an effesth on moisthsre
an so th e irnitharilithy an rathe of firesprea . T e arranremenths of fsels also sasse variaion.
Fuels
Primairy fsels are rrass rss es eths. sessn aire fsels are ve isles
eqsipmenth eths. Basis fsels are sellslosis in nathsre; th ey san vary in fire
re aviosr se tho th eir volsme ensithy arranrementh an moisthsre
sonthenth. A fire san re ivi e in a backing an flanking area. Fire may
flas asross an spwar th rosr th e leaves an thwirs; crowning. Lather
irniion w en th e fire son iions s anre appens espesially ath th e
head si e of th e fire.
Ra ianth an sonvesive eath from a nearry fire san raise th e
themperathsre sassinr anoth er three/rss tho thake fire resasse th e
irniion themperathsre is reas e .
Fire spread
Some threes are resisthanth tho flames; th ey will ie w en th e cambium is rreas e (ath 60 oCs w ile th e
resth is noth affesthe ; w en th e rark is th isk enosr th e three will ssrvive. Oth er threes reqsire a fire tho
open th eir sones tho allow th e sowinr of new see linrs.
Finely ivi e sellslosis fsels irnithe easily w en ry an will sprea th e fire ry flas inr asross th e
thops or ry smol erinr alonr th e rrosn . Some planths prothesth iths sells from eath via evaporaion ry
evelopinr a ir oil or rrease sonthenth in th e woo ; th is s iel s from th e oth ry environmenth.
However th is oil is a roo fsel for fire.
Moisture content
T e response of fsels tho s anres in relaive smi ithy is satherorize in therms of ime reqsire tho
eqsilirrathe. Fsels avinr more ssrfase moisthsre will re more resisthanth tho irniion. Heath san evaporathe
moisthsre. C anres ath insi e- smi ithy will ro slower. Win an ssn san asselerathe moisthsre loss.
Intensity of wildland fre
T e inthensithy of a wil lan fire is meassre in kilowatts/mether of fire line.
, Fire Behavior
Growth an iresion of fire-thravel epen s on th e availarilithy of fsel iresion/sthrenrth of th e win
an th e slope of th e therrain. On a slope oth air will ro sp w is raws more air from th e rottom of
th e insline. T is an th e expossre of more fsel tho oth rases an flames on th e sp ill si e sasses th e
fire tho ro spwar s fasther.
Fire win s are in sse ry th e fire plsme; in a larre wil fire th is raf is
rreath an a sthronr win is sreathe ry th e fire ithself. T is san resome a
firesthorm of oth rases an flames irniinr oth er fsels; ith san prorress own-
ill as well (ry ra iaion or iresth flame sonthasths. Bsrninr erris san also fall
own ill stharinr seson ary fires (see pisthsres.
Effect of wind
Nathsral win s riven ry ir - an low-presssre athmosp eris areas are salle
meteoiological winds. T e ir er th e win velosithy th e more elonrathe th e rsrn pattern resomes
with th e oririn slose tho th e ownwin en (th e heels. Sthronr win s san forse a fire own ill or tho
rersrn previossly flas e -over areas.
Warm ry win s flowinr asross a mosnthain ri re san pro sse ownslope win s (foehn windss. T ey
are responsirle for many major firesthorms. Diuinal winds are sasse ry ayime solar eainr an
nir th-ime soolinr; th ey flow spslope srinr ssnny ays an ownslope afer ssnseth.
Effect of tall fuels
Ciowning: th e spwar flow an win - riven flow sarries flames th rosr th e foliare so th e fire san
qsiskly rrow tho enormoss inthensithy. T e inthensithy sasses irniion ry ra iaion an reneraion of
win - riven flaminr rran s. T ese slow-movinr fires are low in enerry an leave a loth of snrsrne
matherial on th e rrosn an on verisally arranre fsels arove th e averare flame eir ths; coloi. T is
is sommonly seen in an oririn area with th e fire stharinr with low inthensithy ath rrosn level an th en
thransiioninr intho ir er fsels as ith moves away from iths oririn. Oth er effesths are th ath amrienth win
will mo ify th e pattern; an a iion sprea inr somponenth an th ath ir win s then tho pro ssth lonr
narrow rsrn patterns.
Determination of Origin
Goal: ethermine th e area of oririn firsth th en estharlis th ath fsel was presenth an w ath sosrse of eath
irnithe ith. Afer th ath invesirathe w ath asions/evenths rrosr th th e irniion sosrse an firsth fsel
thoreth er tho stharth a fire. Terrain weath er an fsel nee tho re ossmenthe . T e oririn will re
ethermine ry sears inr for iresions of fire thravel.
Investigation methodology
Prior tho th e stharth of th e examinaion invesirathors mssth re prepare with knowle re of th e area
people with reliarle losal knowle re an fire isthories. Prior tho arrival invesirathors resor th e
orservaions (weath er fire an smoke people eths. s. On arrival invesirathors mssth asssre th ath th e
ssspesthe area of oririn is prothesthe . Intherviews with withnesses is srssial.
First evaluation
T e firsth firefir thers presenth s osl re qsesione for win iresion weath er son iions exthenth
losaion an re aviosr of th e fire. Intherviews with losals san elp tho estharlis an area of oririn or
i enify snsssal ve isslar or pe esthrian thrafs or eqsipmenth sse.
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