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CFA level 3 summary notes

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This summary note covers all topics in 2024 CFA level 3 curriculum all in 279 pages. I made it while I studied for my own exam in February 2024. AND I NAILED IT!! I hope you pass your CFA level 3 exam easier with my notes!

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  • 30 april 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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CFA LEVEL 3
CAPITAL MARKET EXPECTATIONS
CAPITAL MARKET EXPECTATIONS, PART 1: FRAMEWORK AND MACRO CONSIDERATIONS


LOS 1.a: Discuss the role of, and a framework for, capital market expectations in the portfolio
management process.

Capital Market Risk & return expectations w.r.t. classes of assets - long & short term
Expectations
CME + objectives + constraints = strategic asset allocation

Portfolio Consistency Cross-sectional: across asset classes w.r.t. risk & return characteristics

Intertemporal: over investment horizon w.r.t. portfolio decision

Formulating CME 1. Determine CME needed w.r.t. allowable asset class & investment horizon
2. Investigate past performance to determine factors & forecast future
3. Identify valuation model and its requirements
4. Collect best data
5. Decide and verify consistency of model inputs
6. Formulate CME, record any rationale & assumptions
7. Monitor performance, refine process and model

Supporting Information Geography, major/sub asset classes

Good Forecasts Unbiased, objective, well-researched, efficient, internally consistent

>30 observations needed to test hypothesis


LOS 1.b: Discuss challenges in developing capital market forecasts.

Limitations to Economic Time lag between collection & distribution
Data Data revision, change in definition & methodology
Rebasing of indices

Data Measurement Transcription error: misreporting, incorrect recording
Error & Bias Survivorship bias: deletion of poor performance data
Appraisal data: standard deviation, correlation biassed downward

Limitations of Historical Regime changes result in non-stationary data - pick relevant subperiods
Estimates
Benefits of longer period: precision of estimates, statistical requirement, can
use less frequent data

Caution w.r.t. normality assumption: fat tail, skewness

Ex Post Data to Ex E.g. market reaction to event investors feared but never happened
Ante Risk & Return E.g. sample includes rare negative events

Data Mining Patterns unlikely to occur, or strategy unlikely to work in the future

Look for economic basis, scrutinise modelling process, test with
out-of-sample data

Conditioning Data reflects performance over different cycles
Information
Use different estimates for expansion and contraction (e.g. for beta)

,Misinterpretation of Mistaking exogenous & endogenous variable
Correlation
Relationships may be spurious, nonlinear or related to third variable

Psychological Bias Anchoring: first information received overweight
Status quo: predictions influenced by recent past
Confirmation: only information supporting existing belief considered
Overconfidence: past mistakes ignored, accuracy of test overestimated
Prudence: overly conservative to avoid extreme forecasts and being wrong
Availability: what’s easiest to remember is overweight

Model Uncertainty Parameter: estimation error in parameter
Input: knowing correct input values


LOS 1.c: Explain how exogenous shocks may affect economic growth trends.

Economic Growth Important in setting capital market expectations

Cyclical variations (short-term) vs. growth trends (long-term)

Exogenous Shocks Unanticipated, non-normal events in economy, not priced into market

Likely to produce regime changes

Changes in Sound fiscal & tax policy, free economy, facilitating competition,
Government Policies development of infrastructure and human capital

Political Events Geopolitical tensions divert resources to less productive uses

Technological Process New markets, products, technologies

Natural Disasters Short-term growth ↓ but long-term growth ↑ if new capacity more efficient

Discovery of Natural New resource or new ways to recover existing resource =
Resource Resource production cost ↓

Financial Crises Shocks to financial systems reduce investor confidence


LOS 1.d: Discuss the application of economic growth trend analysis to the formulation of capital
market expectations.

Economic Growth Trend rate of growth used as long-term equity/bond returns in DCF
Trend Analysis
Higher trend growth rate = higher bond yields, stock returns (if not priced in)

Economy can grow at faster rate before inflation becomes a concern

Forecasting Economic Labour input: labour force (population, demographics), participation
Growth Rate
Capital per worker: increases labour productivity

Total factor productivity: technological progress, changes in policies

Growth in Capital Associated with high growth in economy, but may already be priced in
Investment
Equity returns related to return on capital
- If capital growth > economic growth, return on capital ↓

,LOS 1.e: Compare major approaches to economic forecasting.

Econometric Analysis Statistical method to explain economic relationship & form forecast models
OLS regression often used, but other models may also be used

Structural model: based on economic theory
Reduced form model: compact version of structural approaches

Econometric Analysis: Can incorporate many variables
Benefits
Model can be reused

Output is quantified and based on consistent set of relationships

Econometric Analysis: Complex and time-consuming to construct
Drawbacks
Data difficult to forecast and relationships change

Output may be unrealistic or require interpretation

Does not work well to forecast turning points

Economic Indicators Available from governments, international and private organisations
May be complemented by own, proprietary indicators

Leading indicators often used (individually or as a composite)
Coincident and lagging indicators to confirm economic trend

Diffusion index: # of indicators pointing towards expansion vs. contraction

Economic Indicators: Simple, intuitive, easy to interpret, data readily available
Benefits
Indicator lists can be tailored to meet specific forecasting needs

Economic Indicators: Forecasting results can be inconsistent, may produce false signals
Drawbacks
Indicators revised frequently to fit business cycles better

Checklist Approach Uses judgement and statistical modelling to answer series of questions,
which is used to formulate a forecast

Judgement used in deciding which factors to consider and how to interpret

Checklist Approach: Less complex
Benefits
Flexible in mixing statistical analysis with judgement

Checklist Approach: Subjective in nature
Drawbacks
Time consuming and manual, leading to limited complexity


LOS 1.f: Discuss how business cycles affect short- and long-term expectations.

Business Cycles Deviations from long-term expectations

Cancels out in long term, but useful in making short-term projections

, Business Cycles (cont.) Cyclicality of economic activities due to nature of business decisions
- Imperfect information
- Adjustments to unexpected events
- Reversing incorrect decisions

Cycles vary in duration and intensity
- Difficult to predict
- Difficult to distinguish between long-and-short-term factors

Capital market returns are related to real economy, but also related to
investor expectations and risk tolerances

Initial Recovery Few months of rising business confidence and government stimulus

Decelerating inflation, large output gap, low or falling short-term rates

Bond yield bottom out, stock price rise, riskier asset do well (small-cap, HY)

Early Expansion (Several) years of increasing growth, low inflation, rising confidence

Short-term rates rise, output gap narrow

Bond yields stable/rise, stock price rise

Late Expansion High confidence and employment, output gap eliminated, risk of overheating

Increasing inflation, central bank limits money supply growth

Short-term rates and bond yields rise, stock prices rise/peak

Increasing volatility and risk

Slowdown Few months ~ year of declining confidence, inflation still rising

Short-term interest rate at peak, bond yield peak then fall

Falling stock prices and possible YC inversion

Contraction 12-18 months of declining confidence and profits

Unemployment & bankruptcies rise, inflation tops out, short-term rates fall

Bond yields and stock prices rise during later stages


LOS 1.g: Explain the relationship of inflation to the business cycle and the implications of inflation for
cash, bonds, equity, and real estate returns

Inflation Generally rising prices

Investors and central banks target and expect some level of inflation

Disinflation Deceleration in the rate of inflation; recession indicator

Deflation Generally falling prices; severe threat to the economy

Encourages default on debt obligations (home prices fall → panic sell)

Limits ability of CB to lower rates → QE (larger, more varied than OMO)

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