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Samenvatting The World's Legal Systems - Engels
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Allesomvattende samenvatting van The World's Legal Systems in het Engels. De samenvatting bevat alles wat van belang is wat tijdens de hoorcolleges is verteld, in combinatie met de slides en al het overige wat van belang is. Op mijn account staat ook de Nederlandse versie, deze kun je ook samen als...

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The Worlds Legal Systems

Introduction to comparative law

What kind of discipline is comparative law?
Comparative law transcends specific legal domains, serving as a fundamental aspect of legal scholarship. Adams
(2018) emphasizes the intrinsic nature of comparison in scientific thought and research. However, the discipline of
comparative law requires a distinct justification, extending beyond mere juxtaposition of legal provisions.

Understanding the aims of comparative law
The aims of comparative law are multifaceted reflecting its interdisciplinary nature and scholarly objectives. It seeks
to foster cross-cultural understanding, facilitate legal reform, and harmonize legal frameworks across jurisdictions.
Designing a research question in comparative law necessitates precision and relevance. The question should be con-
ductive to comparative analysis, considering methodological frameworks and analytical tools.

Challenges associated with the ‘functional method’
The ‘functional method’ in comparative law presents inherent challenges. It involves examining legal rules and institu -
tions based on their underlying functions and objectives. However, variations in cultural, historical, and socio-eco-
nomic contexts can complicate comparative analysis, requiring scholars to navigate subjectivity and methodological
rigor.
In essence, comparative law embodies a dynamic pursuit, driven by the quest for cross-cultural understanding and
legal innovation. By addressing these challenges and embracing methodological rigor, scholars can unravel the com-
plexities of global legal systems.

Navigating the challenges of comparative legal research
In the realm of comparative legal research, scholars encounter unique challenges that demand a nuanced understand -
ing of legal systems and cultural contexts. According to John Bell, a prominent comparatist from the UK, these chal -
lenges encompass several key dimensions.

Understanding the institutional setting
The first challenge lies in comprehending the intricate institutional settings from which legal issues and solutions
emerge. This involves delving into the organization of legal systems, understanding legal concepts, and grasping the
underlying presuppositions and relationships between legal institutions. While much of this knowledge may be tacit
within one’s own legal system, it requires explicit awareness and exploration when analyzing foreign legal frame -
works. Scholars must also make their own system’s implicit knowledge explicit, fostering a deeper understanding of
both familiar and foreign legal contexts.

Adopting the hermeneutic approach
The hermeneutic approach, central to comparative legal analysis, necessitates adopting the internal point of view of
the systems being compared. This approach, however, does not imply endorsement of any particular system as inher -
ently right, fair, or just. Instead, comparatists must navigate the internal perspectives of different legal systems without
passing judgment, focusing on explanation and understanding rather than moral evaluation.

Interpreting legal systems for dialogue
A critical aspect of comparative legal research involves interpreting legal systems to facilitate meaningful dialogue be -
tween them. Unlike straightforward reporting of internal perspectives, comparatists must interpret legal frameworks to
bridge the gap between disparate systems. This process entails reconstructing laws and concepts to render them intelli -
gible to individuals from diverse legal backgrounds. Comparing legal systems transcends mere juxtaposition; it re -
quires a nuanced understanding and interpretation of legal principles in context.

,Presenting research in accessible terms
Finally, effective comparative research necessitates presenting findings in language and ideas comprehensible to legal
practitioners within the researcher’s home legal system. This involves navigating potential pitfalls in institutional and
interpretative features while striving for clarity and rigor in comparative analysis. By employing a common conceptual
framework accessible to both systems, scholars can foster meaningful exchanges and promote mutual understanding
between legal traditions.
In essence, comparative legal research is a multifaced endeavor that demands intellectual rigor, cultural sensitivity,
and linguistic clarity. By addressing these challenges and embracing the complexities of cross-cultural analysis, schol-
ars can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of legal systems worldwide.

Exploring the purposes and methodologies of comparative law: The theoretical significance of comparative law
Comparative law serves multifaced purposes, ranging from theoretical inquiry to practical application. At its core, it
enables scholars to acquire knowledge that transcends the boundaries of their own legal systems. As the adage goes,
“He who knows one society, knows no society.” Comparative analysis allows for a deeper understanding of foreign le -
gal systems, shedding light on diverse legal traditions and practices. Moreover, comparative law functions as a mirror,
prompting scholars to interrogate their own presuppositions and legal frameworks. By contextualizing domestic laws
within a broader comparative framework, individuals gain insights into alternative approaches to shaping society
through legal mechanisms.

Practical implications for legal actors
The practical applications of comparative law extend to various legal actors, including judges, legislators, and policy -
makers. For judges, comparative analysis offers invaluable tools for filling gaps in legal reasoning and decision-mak-
ing. By drawing on precedents and practices from foreign jurisdictions, judges can enrich their understanding of com -
plex legal issues and adapt principles to suit evolving societal needs. Similarly, legislators leverage comparative in -
sights when considering legal transplants – adopting foreign laws or legal principles into domestic legislation. This
process facilitates legal reform and innovation, enabling lawmakers to draw upon a diverse array of legal traditions
and practices. Moreover, policymakers utilize comparative law to harmonize legal frameworks, particularly within
supranational entities like the European Union. By aligning regulations and standards across jurisdictions, policymak-
ers strive to promote coherence and facilitate cross-border cooperation.

Functionalism as a key research tool
Central to comparative legal studies is the functionalist approach, which serves as a cornerstone of methodological in -
quiry. Scholars like Graziadei underscore the functional approach as one of the most significant tools in comparative
legal research. Glendon recognizes functionalism as comparative law’s principal contribution to twentieth-century le-
gal science. According to Zweigert and Kotz, the functional method represents the basic methodological principle un-
derpinning all comparative analyses. From this fundamental principle emerge rules governing the selection of laws to
compare, the scope of comparative undertakings, and the establishment of systematic comparative frameworks.
In essence, comparative law embodies both theoretical inquiry and practical utility, offering invaluable insights
into the diversity of legal systems and facilitating meaningful dialogue between legal traditions. Through the applica -
tion of functionalist methodologies, scholars navigate the complexities of comparative analysis, enriching our under-
standing of law’s role in shaping societies worldwide.

Exploring the purpose and methodology of the functional method in comparative law
In the real of comparative law, the functional method, as articulated by Zweigert and Kotz, serves as a foundational
tool for framing research questions and achieving scientific objectivity. According to Zweigert and Kotz, the func-
tional method fulfills two primary purposes: facilitating the formulation of neutral research inquiries and identifying a
tertium comparationis – a common basis for comparison.

Achieving objectivity in comparative law
The functional method functions as a means to attain scientific exactitude and objectivity in legal research. By framing
research questions devoid of references to one’s own legal system, scholars strive to transcend national boundaries and
doctrinal biases. The research problem must be articulated without reliance on concepts inherent to one’s domestic le-

,gal framework, enabling a neutral and unbiased exploration of legal phenomena. This process entails liberating local
legal solutions from their contextual constraints and doctrinal overtones, allowing them to be examined purely in
terms of their functional role in addressing legal needs. In essence, the functional method requires scholars to adopt a
problem-oriented perspective, viewing law as a mechanism for resolving societal issues rather than a reflection of na -
tional legal doctrines.

The role of the lawyer as an architect
At the heart of the functional method lies the conception of the lawyer as an architect – a visionary tasked with design -
ing legal solutions to address societal needs. By distancing oneself from domestic legal norms and conceptual frame -
works, scholars embrace the role of architects, tasked with crafting research questions that transcend national bound-
aries and doctrinal biases. This transformative approach enables scholars to engage in comparative analysis with ob -
jectivity and rigor, transcending the confines of their own legal systems to explore broader legal principles and prac-
tices. In essence, the functional method empowers lawyers to navigate the complexities of comparative legal research,
leveraging their expertise to construct meaningful inquiries that contribute to the advancement of legal scholarship.
In conclusion, the functional method represents a cornerstone of comparative legal analysis, offering scholars a
framework for formulating neutral research questions and identifying common bases for comparison. By embracing
the role of the lawyer as an architect, scholars can transcend national boundaries and doctrinal biases, fostering a more
nuanced understanding of legal principles and practices worldwide.

Unveiling the essence of the functional method in comparative law
The functional method in comparative law represents a transformative approach to legal inquiry, drawing upon univer-
sal societal problems to elucidate diverse legal solutions across jurisdictions. This methodological framework chal-
lenges scholars to transcend traditional approaches to legal analysis, prompting them to frame research questions that
delve deeper into the functional aspects of law.

Translation into research question
The translation of legal inquiries into functional research questions marks a departure from conventional approaches
to comparative legal analysis. Instead of focusing solely on formal requirements within foreign legal systems, scholars
are encouraged to explore broader themes of legal protection and contractual intent. By asking questions such as,
“How does foreign law protect parties from surprise, or from being held to an agreement not seriously intended?”
scholars move beyond mere legal formalities, delving into the fundamental principles underlying legal frameworks.

Understanding the core tenets of functionalism
At the heart of the functional method lies the recognition that legal systems worldwide grapple with similar societal
challenges, albeit through divergent means. Functionalism underscores the universality of legal problems, asserting
that every legal system confronts analogous questions and adheres to comparable standards. This perspective tran-
scends differences in social structures and developmental stages, highlighting the commonality of legal dilemmas
across diverse societies.

The functional method in practice: A heuristic device
The functional method serves as a potent heuristic device, guiding scholars into their quest for comparative insights.
By examining concrete examples, such as Italian unemployment benefits, scholars discern underlying functional prin-
ciples that transcend specific legal provisions. Moreover, functionalism encourages comparatists to shed preconceived
notions rooted in their native legal systems, fostering a more open-minded and objective approach to comparative
analysis.
In essence, the functional method empowers scholars to explore the nexus between legal norms and societal needs,
transcending national boundaries and doctrinal constraints. By embracing functionalism as a guiding principle, com -
paratists uncover shared solutions to universal problems, enriching our understanding of law’s role in shaping diverse
societies. Through rigorous inquiry and methodological rigor, scholars harness the transformative potential of the
functional method, paving the way for innovative approaches to comparative legal research.

Navigating challenges in the functional method of comparative law

, The functional method, while offering valuable insights into legal systems across nations, presents inherent challenges
that comparatists must navigate with diligence and awareness. These challenges underscore the importance of main -
taining objectivity and rigor throughout the comparative research process.
Presumption of similarity in developed nations
A common presumption within comparative legal analysis is the notion of “praesumptio similtudinis” – the assump-
tion that developed nations address the needs of legal business in similar ways. This presumption suggests that practi-
cal outcomes in legal matters tend to converge across developed jurisdictions. While this presumption can provide
valuable insights, it also underscores the need for vigilance against potential biases and tunnel vision.

Rethinking research questions in light of findings
When comparative research leads to conclusions suggesting that a foreign legal system has “nothing to report”, schol-
ars are urged to reassess their original research questions. This process entails purging research inquiries of dogmatic
accretions rooted in one’s own legal system. By reframing research questions in purely functional terms, scholars can
guard against biases and ensure that their inquiries remain objective and open-minded.

Evaluating practical results and research scope
A critical aspect of comparative research involves evaluating practical results across different legal systems. If re -
search findings indicate that compared systems yield similar outcomes, scholars may find validation in their inquiries.
However, if disparities emerge or functional equivalents are lacking, comparatists are urged to revisit their research
questions and broaden the scope of their investigations. This iterative process ensures thoroughness and objectivity in
comparative analysis, enabling scholars to uncover nuanced insights into legal frameworks worldwide.

In essence, the functional method in comparative law offers a powerful framework for exploring legal systems through
a functional lens. However, scholars must remain vigilant against biases and tunnel vision, continually reassessing
their research questions and methodologies to ensure objectivity and rigor. By embracing the complexities of compar-
ative analysis, scholars can illuminate shared principles and unique nuances within legal systems across the globe, ad -
vancing our understanding of law’s role in shaping societies.

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