100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Summary - 3.6 Neuropsychology (FSWP3089K) €14,66
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
  4.  
  5. 3.6 Neuropsychology (FSWP3089K)

Samenvatting

Summary - 3.6 Neuropsychology (FSWP3089K)
 1 keer verkocht

This summary offers a comprehensive overview of all the literature covered in block 3.6 Neuropsychology. It includes additional graphics illustrating the structure of the brain. The literature is summarised and organised in a detailed, yet concise manner. Everything you need to prepare for the exam...

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 4 van de 100  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 21 mei 2024
  • 100
  • 2023/2024
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

Geschreven voor

Alle documenten voor dit vak (3)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
ilinaaasparuhova

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Summary: 3.6 Neuropsychology

,Week I: Perception & Motor System
ORGANISATION OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM (see image at the end of the problem)
Þ motor system – those parts of the NS that take part most directly in producing movement
and for the spinal-cord neural circuits that issue commands to muscles through the
peripheral nerves
The Neocortex: Initiating Movement
Þ the neocortex: initiating movement
o posterior cortex (lying posterior to the central fissure) – specifies movement goals
and sends sensory information from touch, vision, and hearing into the frontal regions
via multiple routes
• more direct routes: prompt the primary motor cortex to execute relatively
automatic movements
• indirect routes: information about movements requiring conscious control takes
indirect routes through the temporal and frontal cortex
o prefrontal cortex (on instructions from the posterior cortex) generates plans for
movements that it passes along to the premotor and motor cortex
o the premotor cortex immediately anterior to M1 houses a movement repertoire
• recognizes others’ movements and selects similar or different actions
o lexicon of the primary motor cortex (M1) – consists of more elementary movements
incl., hand, and mouth movements




o simplicity of movement
• if movement: relatively simple à premotor and motor cortex execute the action
• if planning is required à temporal and prefrontal cortices make decisions and then
the premotor and motor cortices execute the appropriate movements
Þ mapping the motor cortex
o most induced movements were triggered by stimulation of the primary motor cortex
• movement can also be produced by stimulation of dorsal part of premotor cortex
o body: symmetrical à each hemisphere contains an almost mirror-image representation
of the homunculus (“little human”)
o Penfield’s motor homunculus – upside down relative to the actual body
• movements are topographically organized in the primary motor cortex
§ electrical stimulation of the dorsomedial regions of M1 elicits movements in
the lower limbs
§ stimulation in ventral regions produces movements in the upper body, hands,
and face
• disproportionate relative sizes of body parts – most striking homuncular feature
§ size distortions reflect the fact that large part of the motor cortex regulate
hand, finger, lip, and tongue movements giving us precise motor control

, • there may be as many as 10 homunculi within the motor and premotor cortices
Þ natural movement categories – stimulation elicits “etiological categories of movement”
à the motor system is organised into specific cortical areas for different movements
o each region: 3 types of organisationà the body part to be moved; the spatial location
to which the movement is directed ;the movement’s function
o whole-body movements are represented in the premotor cortex
o more discrete movements are represented in the motor cortex
Þ visual-parietal-motor connections
o motor cortex is not the only region from which movements can be evoked
• electrically stimulating the parietal cortex and the parietal topography mirrors the
motor homunculus
o stepping movements – elicited from more dorsal parietal regions
o reaching movements – elicited from medial parietal regions
o hand and mouth movements – elicited from more ventral parietal regions
o visual, somatosensory, and/or auditory information about the target must be sent to the
motor cortex
o each cortical region makes a different contribution to movement
• visual cortex: identifies the spatial location of the target and its shape
§ instructs parietal arm region
• parietal cortex identifies the body part that will contact the object
§ parietal regions = sensory receptors
§ connect to reach and grasp regions of the motor cortex
• motor cortex: represents the elements required to move the arm to the target and
shape the digits to grasp it
§ will produce the movement over descending pathways to the spinal cord
• movements themselves may be orchestrated int eh brainstem or in the spinal cord
o reaching for an object employs 2 mechanisms (directing the hand to target and shaping
the fingers to grasp the target)
• 2 channels mediate the reach and grasp using dual pathways:
§ from visual cortex à parietal cortex à premotor cortex à motor cortex
Þ the movement lexicon – repertoire of movement categories in the cortex
o pincer grip (thumb + index finger) vs whole-hand grip
o people who have incurred small lesions of the motor cortex around the thumb region
of homunculus have weakness in the thumb, other fingers, and in the arm
• lesions impair not the hand or individual digit muscles but rather the coordinated
action of reaching for and grasping an object
o premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex share a common movement lexicon
• the repertoire available to the premotor cortex is more complex than that of M1
• damage to premotor cortex – disrupts more complex movements
• premotor cortex plays a greater role in organising whole-body movements than
M1, which controls specific acts
o basic movements elicited in the motor cortex can be extended to other actions through
learning by recruiting neural circuity used for more basic action
o learning to move entails learning how to use preorganised movement patterns to
achieve both skill and strength à blend together motor reflexes to form learned skilled
actions
o how are motor cortex cells involved in movement
• participate in planning the movement, initiating it, executing it
• they increase the force of a movement by increasing their firing rate

, • the motor cortex specifies movement direction
o movements are not produced simply by the action of a single cell but rather by the
coordinated activity of populations of cells
• motor cortex à each neuron is maximally active when the monkey moves its arm
in a particular direction
§ as it moves arm in directions other than the one to which a particular cell
maximally responds, the cell decreases its activity in proportion to the
displacement from the “preferred direction”
• the motor cortex calculates both the direction and the distance of movements
Þ mirroring movement
o actions: learned, situation-specific, often dependent upon interactions w/ others
o remarkable finding: subset of neurons in the ventral premotor area discharge not only
when the monkey itself makes a movement but also discharge in much the same way
when the monkey sees other monkeys make the same movement and when people
make the same movement
o mirror system neurons à encode the goal of an action
• do not respond to objects, isolated hand movements, pictures/videos of movement
• some have very exacting requirements
• others more broadly tuned and continue to respond when e.g.: grip pattern changes
• target of the action is more important to these mirror neurons than are the details
of the action required to obtain it
Þ map of mirror neurons
o core mirror neuron system (yellow) – sensitive to
transitive movements; comprises the inferior frontal
cortex (IFG), ventral premotor cortex (PMV), and
inferior parietal cortex (IPL)
• Broca’s area
o distributed mirror neuron system responds to:
• hand movements (purple) in the dorsal premotor
cortex (PMD), superior parietal lobe (SPL)
• upper limb movements (blue) in portion of the
superior temporal sulcus (STS)
• tool use (orange)
• intransitive movements in which no object is
manipulated (green)
Þ flexible properties of mirror neurons underlie our ability to imagine movements and allows
us to control BCIs, ability to understand the actions of others; higher cognitive functions
o mirror neurons form the substrate for self-awareness, social awareness, awareness of
intention and action of others; likely important for gestural and verbal language
o some symptoms of some disorders are related to the mirror neuron system (e.g.:
absence of empathy)
Þ mirror neuron theory – we understand our own actions and those of others by internally
replicating the movements we would use to produce that action
o our cognitive understanding of an action is embodied in the neural systems that
produce that action
The Brainstem: Motor Control
Þ the brainstem: motor control
o about 26 pathways to the spinal cord originate in various brainstem locations

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper ilinaaasparuhova. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €14,66. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis
€14,66  1x  verkocht
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd