Een woordenlijst van het vak DLB. De woorden en de omschrijving ervan zijn letterlijk overgenomen van het boek. Zo heb je alle woorden netjes op een rijtje. De woorden en hun betekenis staan in het Engels. Handig omdat je toets ook in het Engels zal zijn!
Woordenlijst DLB
Development, learning and behavior
Hoofdstuk 1
Meta-analysis: A method for combining the results from independent studies to
reach conclusions based on all of them.
Amygdala: An area of the brain that is involved in emotional reactions
Nature: Our biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents
Nurture: the environments, both physical and social, that influence our
development
Genome: each person’s complete set of hereditary information
Epigenetics: the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated
by the environment.
Methylation: A biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing
gene activity and expression
Continuous development: the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in
small increments, like that of a pine three growing taller and taller.
Discontinuous development: the idea that changes with age include
occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly.
Stage theories: approaches proposing that development involves a series of
large, discontinuous, age related phases.
Cognitive development: The development of thinking and reasoning
Neurotransmitters: chemicals involved in communication among brain cells
Sociocultural context: The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical
circumstances that make up any child’s environment.
Socioeconomic status (SES): a measure of social class based on income and
education
Cumulative risk: The accumulation of disadvantages over years of development
Scientific method: an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a
question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a
conclusion.
Hypotheses: testable predictions of the presence or absense of phenomena or
relations
Reliability: the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior
are consistent
Interrater reliability: the amount of agreement in the observations of different
raters who witness the same behavior
Test-retest reliability: the degree of similarity of a participant’s performance
on two or more occasions
Validity: the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Internal validity: the degree to which effects observed within experiments can
be attibuted to the factor that the researcher is testing
External validity: the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the
particulars of the research.
Structured interview: a research procedure in which all participants are asked
to answer the same questions
Questionnaire: a method, similar to the structured interview, that allows
researchers to gather information from a large number of participants
simultaneously by presenting them with a uniform set of questions
Clinical interview: a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with
the answers the interviewee provides
, Naturalistic observation: examination of ongoing behavior in an environment
not controlled by the researcher
Structured observation: a method that involves presenting an identical
situation to each participant and recording the participant’s behavior
Variables: attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age,
seks and popularity
Correlational designs: studies intended to indicate how two variables are
related to each other
Correlation: the association between two variables
Direction-of-causation problem: the concept that a correlation between two
variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other.
Third-variable problem: the concept that a correlation between two variables
may stem for both being influenced by some third variable
Experimental designs: a group of approaches that allow inferences about
causes and effects to be drawn
Random assignment: a procedure in which each participant had an equal
chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment
Experimental control: the ability of researches to determine the specific
experiments of participants during the course of an experiment.
Experimental group: The group of participants in an experimental design who
are presented the experience of interest
Control group: the group of participants in an experimental design who are not
presented the experience of interest but in other ways are treated similarly
Independent variable: the experience that participants in the experimental
group receive and that those in the control group do not receive.
Dependent variable: a behavior that is measured to determine whether it is
affected by exposure to the independent variable
Cross-sectional design: a research method in which participants of different
ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period
Longitudinal design: a method of study in which the same participants are
studied twice of more over a substantial length of time
Microgenetic design: a method of study in which the same participants are
studied repeatedly over a short period.
Counting-on strategy: counting up from the larger addend the number of
times indicated by the smaller addend
Hoofdstuk 2
Epigenesis: the emergence of new structures and functions in the course of
development
Gametes (germ cells): reproductive cells -egg and sperm- that contain only
half of the genetic material of all the other cells in the body
Meiosis: cell division that produces gametes
Conception: the union of egg from the mother and a sperm from the father
Zygote: a fertilized egg cell
Embryo: the name given tot he developing organism from the 3td to the 8th
week of prenatal development
Fetus: the name given to the developing organism from the 9th week to birth
Mitosis: cell division that results in two identical daugther cells
Embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells, which can develop into any type of
body cell
Apoptosis: genetically programmed cell death
Identical twins: Twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote,
resulting in each of the two resulting zygotes having exactly the same set of
genes
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