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Biological Psychology - Summary - 2019

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This is a summary for the contents of the course "Biological Psychology" of the second year of the BSc Psychology at Tilburg University. It covers all relevant chapters of the book "Psychobiology" by Chris Chandler and additional information from lectures and other materials.

Laatste update van het document: 5 jaar geleden

Voorbeeld 4 van de 87  pagina's

  • Nee
  • Chapters 2-4, 7, 9, 14-17, 22-23
  • 2 oktober 2019
  • 11 oktober 2019
  • 87
  • 2019/2020
  • Samenvatting
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vanessanring
=
Biological Psychology

, pp. 23-60 ch. 2
i
Genetics and Evolution 2

EVOLUTION THE EVOLUTION OF HUMANS




I :÷ ÷"l÷ ÷ ÷:÷÷ ÷÷÷÷÷÷:
÷÷ ÷
- -
-




-


Charles Darwin :
common ancestor
f--

Life in the water


adaptations via natural selection ↳ evolved into amphibians
↳ survival of the fittest ↳ evolved into reptiles

further adaptation to life on land

-
Evidence for evolution


biogeography -

Mammals evolved from reptiles n 180 million
years ago
→ best fit for their environment
organisms are the
↳ humans stem from order of primates




:÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
↳ Molecular biology → 50000
years ago migrated out of Africa

of genetic
"
→ strands '
'
we share common → out of Africa hypothesis


materialwithotherorganis.gs -


Human brain
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY




i::÷uaa/ chromosomeandntitochondri
↳ size and volume greater than in other species


: am:÷:÷::÷::e
.




.

↳ first humans tracked down via Y -




why is this maladaptive behaviour still present
-




andwharwasitsoriginalreasonforbein#

4
5
QUALITATIVE TRAITS QUANTITATIVE TRAIT T
- # 1-




::÷÷÷÷÷
f. :÷ ÷ f÷ ÷ ÷: ÷ ÷ ÷
-
influenced by a single gene Influenced by
multiple genes
-




-
follow a simple pattern of inheritance Ce g Mendelian inheritance) Don 't follow simple patterns of inheritance
- -
.




-




typically unaffected by environment ↳ more variable and less predictable
Factors that may alter the pattern of inheritance Et pressed
-




along a continuum
-




'
→ Genetic heterogeneity ↳ e.g ADHD
.




÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷

-




disease completely or
partially
↳ Mosaicism

→ not all cells are
genetically identical

phenocopies

→ environmental factors that give rise to disorders similar to

those of genetic disorders)


, 6 7
MENDELIAN GENETICS HUNTINGTON 'S DISEASE




÷÷÷÷ .÷ f÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
-




:::
Differences in conspecifics
-




Dominant allele has debilitating effects
-




↳ members of the same
species ↳
progressive disorder characterized by motor




: " ""




↳ only expressed when
previous generations -

HTT
gene codes for huntingtin protein
are carriers and new
generation doesn't ↳ mutation leads to production of abnormally long
dominant trait
carry protein
phenotype
-



that bind
↳ cut into smaller
fragments together



andacaemulateinneurcf-G-enotyp.ee
observed traits


PHENYLKETONURIA
#
CDKU)




/ /
-




↳ transmitted traits
genetically

In.IO?yTi:T:.::omc::m7nan7?rece.iue rmeaemssriuaen.gueeecausesaaayeacoonin.ve
-




,
-




-




Homozygous : RR (dominant + dominant) / ↳
patients miss enzyme that's needed for

rrcrecessivetrece.si# phenylalanine Camino acid)
breaking down

↳ found in food
-
-

CHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE #




f÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
Meiosis
-




Genes are located
-




on chromosomes


↳ ↳ cell division
chromosomes are constructed from DNA

strands
↳ diploid cells turn into haploid gametes
↳ 23 base pairs; UG chromatids sperm meiosis
-




↳ 23 chromosome pairs are duplicated




}
22 autosomes
-




↳ divides ' duplicated chromosomes indifference


-
I}radp%!! dieferanbertowmoenomseees Karotype

↳ chromosomes are separated ,
cell divides again
↳ x and y
↳ haploid gamete
Egg meiosis
-




÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷:
.
"




↳ Long arm ↳ results in 46 chromosomes

-



Telomeres ↳
diploid zygote

repeated Mitosis

genetic sequences at the
-




end of the arms ↳ diploid cell doubles chromosomes and divides

Cytogenetic bands
-




crossing
-


↳ stripes on chromosomes over

↳ source of genetic variation during meiosis

Diploid 23 pairs
-




set of chromosomes : ↳ while chromosomes duplicate , the chromatids

Haploid : one set of chromosomes
and sometimes break and
-



cross over eachother

Ggametesswapsit.es#

, 11
do
DNA WHAT IS DNA ?




÷i↳ia%g.Y
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷ :÷: :÷f
-



Desoxy ribonucleic acid -

Each chromosome is made up of two DNA strands




::::
'
During DNA
replication two strands nucleotide bases ( adenine ,
-


the →
,




unravel cytosine , guanine and thymine)

unravelled strand attracts unattached
-

strands are hold together by nucleotide base bonds

cytosine iauanines
Aaoduenbienenaihymine ;
-




/ endsthatconnedtoeachot#
,


l and five prime CS )
'
three
'

Mutations prime
-
-




↳ errors in replication
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
13 14
GENETIC VARIATION




÷: ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :y÷ ÷
- -




:÷ ÷ ÷f
-

Nucleotide bases -


basic elements of code
Polymorphism
.
-




↳ code for construction of amino acids
↳ differences in DNA
sequences among
↳ amino acids make up enzymes proteins and
,
individuals

polypeptides ↳ often weak or no effect
codon of nucleotide
triplet
-
=


single base pair of nucleotides is

↳ code is based on a
sequence of codons





sequences that code for
proteins -
:÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷i÷
Mutation
-

introns ↳ change in a single gene
↳ non -




coding sequences ↳ rare ,
random ,
and independent of
↳ mRNA removes introns the
organism 's needs

↳ can cause the disorder itself
Translation
-




↳ Mendelian pattern of
usually
↳ starts with start codon
inheritance
↳ Amino acids are taken to ribosomes by
transfer ribonucleic acid Ct RNA)

↳ ribosome reads codons and tRNA adds

amino acids


Stop codon finishes

↳ Amino acid sequence goes on to make




I I
proteins , etc .




r


gem:: :::
-




; mauer ones
.




creatingmulhipleproteinsfromone.ge

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