This pdf is a visual and concise summary of the Introduction to Psychology course at the Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam (VU) for the English psychology track. (but may also be helpful for Dutch students). Includes information from the book and the lectures.
Personally I learn way better when thi...
Psychology = the study of mental activity & behavior (mind ,
brain
,
behavior)
Critical thinking is a hallmark of a
good scientist ( openness & wariness )
HC1:GENESANDEV0LUT
thegeneticbasis
( ell -
Chromosome
✓
=
Carry instructions
( one of 4G )
on how to build &
nucleus
/ operate a
body
bases ( coiled strands of DNA
BA
-
double
helix
gene .
-
=
meaningful sequence
of nitrogen bases provide the
-
⑧ code for a specific protein
Each cell contains the same chromosomes and information but they look different due to :
gene expression = whether a
gene is turned on or off
La controlled by the biochemical environment inside the cell which is influenced by the
biochemical environment outside the cell leg timing development
.
,
behavior)
Genotype = an organisms specific set of
genes determined at conception ,
never changes
phenotype = an organisms observable (physical ) traits & behavior
,
always changing
LB
genotype t environment
Genes come from OUR parents, each contributes one
gene of
corresponding positions which pair up .
Allele one specific variant of a
gene
=
•
Heterozygote = alleles on locus differ (one dominant
,
one Recessive )
•
Homozygote = alleles on locus correspont ( two dominant or two recessive )
A trait is determined by the environment and -07
gene pair leg .
hair color )
OR → multiple gene pairs
=
poly genetic characteristic
(e.g .
intelligence )
,Heredity =
parents pass on
genes to
offspring
Heritability = a statistical estimate of the extent to which variation in a trait within a
population can be explained by genetics →
genetic variance :
phenotype variance
euowtionbynatuRan
Darwin
zconditionsfornatur-aseectiono.IT says there
, origins of species ( 1859 ) are
Variation among individuals within a
population
2) Individuals with an advantageous trait should be more likely
to survive / procreate
3) This trait should be passed on to the offspring
Survival of the
genes > survival of the individual ( e.g .
broken wing bird ,
nest & predator)
The
genome is shaped by evolution
EUidencefortheeuolutionfytheory.ae
fossil
the Record
the resemblance of between (similar
genomes
•
organisms ancestors)
that don't ( e.g
pseudogenes inactive produce uit production gene)
•
=
genes proteins .
a
•
distribution of species around the world (e.g .
Hawaii )
→ evolution doesn't necessarily improve beings
-0 evolution doesn't lead to
rigid behavioral patterns ( adaptation Alex ibility despite genes)
geriesebehauior
Behavioral genetics = the
study of the interaction between
genes & environment
it 's
and influence On
psychological activity .
→ uses twin and adoption studies
Epigenetics = the
study of how environment affects
genetic expression (e.g living
.
under stress )
, HC20.tt/EBRa1NANDTHE#RV0USSYSTEM
these two WOR
→ to cont
together
movement
I
"m
:L:c.ua?inttE..abeaesica+una:tssm.:tint:e.m::::oussssi-
La communicate selectively with other neurons to
em
form
and
neural
are exit ane
networks
. IHB
•
neural networks develop through : maturation
,
experience & Repeated firing
S A 1
/
A neuron has a semi -
permeable Types of neuron : -
sensory receptors
E
membrane sensitive to stimulation afferent
sensory neurons
III.III.9mF
-
.
=
'
• can
selectively allow
I or
m
.
neurons
ions in and out
SALEM
¥iaainformation from other
'
neurons
EeEtnex.o.a Serves the rapid conduction
: ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i ÷÷÷:÷:÷÷
"" ""
:÷÷i÷÷÷÷
in
On the membrane are
-
m÷aisa::n:÷¥:::÷:::
ion channels which help - Ayon : outgrowth of a neuron
control the electrical impulse , by which information is
n
that insulates the axon
allowing a faster transmission
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