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Summary Thinking through communication
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- Hogeschool Utrecht (HU)
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lOMoARcPSD|2720208Summary Thinking Through Communication, Sarah Trenholm
Inleiding CIW (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen)
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Summary Thinking Through Communication
Chapter 1 – The communication Tradition
Ancient Greece:
Rhetoric: the study ot communication
Rhetoricians: teachers ot communication
Aristotle student ot Plato
Aristotle tocused on persuasive rethoric – ‘observing in any given case the available means ot
persuasion’
- Aristotle – sway an audience in three ways:
1. Ethos: the personal character
2. Pathos: the ability to arouse emotions
3. Logos: the wording and logic ot the message
History ot rhetoric and communication history:
CLASSICAL PERIOD (500 B.C – 400 C.E.)
Major tigures: Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian
- First rhetoricians Greeks Corax and Tisias - always practical problems in the study ot
communication – Tisias studied in which ways speakers could ettectively order their ideas
- 3 reasons why communication study was important in ancient Greece
1. Greece was a society that revered (vereerde) the spoken word
2. The Greeks put a great deal ot emphasis (nadruk) on persuasion and argumentation
3. There was a ban on protessional lawyers (zelt deze vaardigheden hebben)
- Sophists: group ot itinerant (rondreizend) teachers – protessional speech teachers who
advertised their services by posting notices in public places
- Philosophers (Plato, Aristotle) held the sophists in great contempt (minachting) – believed
that the goal ot communication was to discover the truth, not to win arguments
- Canons of rhetoric – major topic areas:
1. Invention: discovering what can be said about the given topic + arguments that will allow
others to understand it
2. Style: the process ot selecting the proper words to convey a message
o Cicero – three styles ot speaking that corresponded to ethos, logos and pathos:
1. The plain style: built ethos by convincing the audience ot the speaker’s good
character, good sense, and trustworthiness – logical, clear, restrained
2. The middle style: emphasized logos by impressing the audience with the
soundness ot the speaker’s position: it consisted ot intricate argumentation
and caretul philosophical distinctions
3. The vigorous style: based on pathos; it ‘pulled out all the stops’ and was
eloquent and emotional
3. Arrangement: described ways to order ideas ettectively (introduction, statement,
argument, conclusion)
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4. Memory: the ability to hold content, style and arrangement in mind (mnemonics)
5. Delivery: present the speech in a natural, varied and appropriate way
- Communication was ‘queen ot disciplines’, because it was through communication that a
society determined policies in its own best interest, rhetoric carried heavy ethical weight
MEDIEVAL PERIOD AND THE RENAISSANCE (400 – 1600)
Major tigures: Augustine, Cassiodorus, John ot Salisbury, Erasmus
- Two most important communication activities: letter writing and preaching (prediking)
- Augustine – toolish tor truth ‘to take its stand unarmed against talsehood’
- Augustine – people communicate through signs (natural signs and conventional signs)
- Augustine – communication is a process ot ‘drawing torth and conveying into another’s mind
what the giver ot the signs has in his own mind’
MODERN PERIOD (1600 – 1900)
Major tigures: Francis Bacon, René Descartes, John Locke, Fénelon, Lord Kames, George
Campbell, Joseph Priestly, Thomas De Quincy
- Douglas Ehninger – identities 4 directions ot rhetorical study
1. The classical approach: recover the insights ot the great classical rhetoricians
2. The psychologicalEepistemological approach: investigated the relationship ot
communication and thought
3. Belletristic approach: tocused on writing and speaking as art torms, developing critical
standards tor judging drama, poetry and oratory
4. Elocutionary approach: designed elaborate systems ot instruction to improve speakers’
verbal and nonverbal presentation
- Francis Bacon – identitied 4 ‘idols’ or distortions that get in de way ot clear thinking
1. ‘Idols of the Trible’: reterred to tallacies (drogredenen) in thinking due to human nature
2. ‘Idols of the Cave’: the individual prejudices (vooroordelen) we bring with us because ot
our own backgrounds and personalities
3. ‘Idols of the Market Place’: social in nature and center on imprecise use ot language
4. ‘Idols of the Theatre’: tallacies that occur when we accept tashionable ideas uncritically
- René Descartes and John Locke – mistrusted normal uses ot rhetoric and argued that truth
could be obtained only through discourse that was solidly grounded in an understanding ot
human rationality
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1900 – present)
- Scientific method: a beliet in controlled laboratory experimentation and caretul, objective
measurement
- Although the methods ditter, rhetoricians and communication scientists address similar
questions; both want to understand how communicators attect each other as they interact
Chapter 2 – Detinitions, models and perspectives
Questions to detinite communication:
• How broad is communication?
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• Is communication intentional?
• Is communication sender- or receiver-based?
• Is all communication symbolic?
Frank Dance: think ot communication as a tamily ot interrelated concepts instead ot a single one
Spoken symbolic interaction: the way people use symbols (primarily words) to create common
meaning and to share that meaning with one another
Non-verbal interaction: the unspoken, otten unintentional behavior that accompanies verbal
communication and helps us tully interpret its meaning
Model: an abstract representation ot a process, a description ot its structure or tunction
- Functions ot models:
• Explanatory function: dividing a process into constituent parts and showing how the
parts are connected
• Predictive function: models allow us to answer ‘it…then’ questions
• Control function: they show how to control a process
- Drawbacks (nadelen) ot models:
- Models are necessarily incomplete
- There are many ways to model a single process
- Models make assumptions about processes
4 perspectives on communication:
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- Model – communication is a psychological process whereby two (or more) individuals
exchange meanings trough the transmission and reception ot communication stimuli:
- Mental set: person’s beliets, values, attitudes, teelings etc.
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