The chapters mentioned above are summaries of the book Principles of Communication 8th edition. Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 are complete chapters. 1, and 2, however, are incomplete and therefore to be found after the summary of chapter 10. I wish you the best of luck with studying.
Chapter 4:
Assign its vehicle for this expression.it consists of two parts: The private idea located solely
in the mind of the communicator (known as the signified); and the form in which the idea is
expressed (or the signifier).
Your ability to understand and create unusual sentences is called linguistic productivity.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:
• Linguistic determinism is the theory that language determines thought.
• Linguistic Relativity follows from language determinism and hypothesises that
people from different languages Communities perceive the world differently.
Speech is the outward, physical side of language, and language is the internal, mental side
of speech
Language changes over time:
- Neologisms: New words that are in the process of entering the language. They can
help us adapt to changing conditions for which there are no adequate words.
- Reappropriation: reclamation or resignification is the cultural process by which a
group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of
that group.
Forms of language
• Dialects: When is subgroup uses a different vocabulary, grammar or punctuation
from others to speak that language, they use a dialect.
• pedgins: There are no native speakers of pidgin. A pidgin is a simple, deliberately
invented language so that non-natives can communicate with who they live in an
area. “Long time no see”
• Creoles: A pidgin that becomes permanent it's called creole.
• Lingua Francas: When people from different languages Communities choose one
language to use for trade and commerce, the chosen language is called lingua
franca.
• Jargon: Especially the technical words used by members of professions I called
jargon. Legal, medical, and computer jargon are examples.
• Argot: Argot refers to words whose meaning have been changed so that an outsider
cannot understand them they are often used by non-dominant groups for protection
and concealment.
• Taboo: Words that are unacceptable implied societies are taboos.
• Neologisms: New words that are in the process of entering the language. They can
help us adapt to changing conditions for which there are no adequate words.
,The study of the significant sound patterns of languages called phonology. (The french ‘zis’
and ‘zat’ since they do not have the comparable sound ‘th’ in French)
The significant sounds disinctions in a given language are called its phonemes. (In English,
‘b’ and ‘th’ are phonemes; used to construct words and no one will confuse ‘bat’ and ‘that’)
In every spoken language, sounds are combined into meaningful sequences called words.
The study of the sentence structure of language is known as syntactics.
The study of how we use language is social context, is known as pragmatics.
The study of these units of meaning is called semantics.
Although most of us use the term words to refer to units of meanings in language, the
more correct term is morphemes.
Free morphemes: boy and girl.
Bound morphemes: must always be attached to other morphemes;
- ish means ‘having the quality of.’ Never to be found alone, always combined with a
noun, as in boyish.
- s is a plural morphemes when added to girl -> girls.
Antidisestablishmentarianism: six bound morphemes and just one free morpheme:
(anti-dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism)
A list of all the words in a language is called lexicon.
, The coorporative principal search for it to work, communicators must be willing to cooperate
with another by following the four conversational maxims, or rules.
• Quantity maxim: make sure the contrabutions contain enough, but not too much.
• Quality maxim: speaker must be truthful.
• Relevancy maxim: speakers must also be sure their contributions are direct and
pertinent.
• Manner maxim: they should be direct and clear.
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