Samenvatting
Summary of all 18 articles of the course VR, AR, and Mixed Reality.
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
Summary of all 18 articles of the course VR, AR, and Mixed Reality.
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Ahn et al (2016). Experiencing natureEmbodying animals in immersive virtual environments increases inclusion of nature in self and
involvement with nature.
Abstract
Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) produce simulations that mimic unmediated sensory
experiences. 3 experiments (N = 228) tested how different modalities increase environmental
involvement by allowing users to inhabit the body of animals in IVEs or watch the experience on
video. Embodying sensory-rich experiences of animals in IVEs led to greater feeling of
embodiment, perception of being present in the virtual world, and interconnection between the
self and nature compared to video. Heightened interconnection with nature elicited greater
perceptions of imminence of the environmental risk and involvement with nature, which
persisted for 1 week. Although the effect sizes were small to moderate, findings suggest that
embodied experiences in IVEs may be an effective tool to promote involvement with
environmental issues.
IVEs in the process of perspective taking: mental simulation of a situation by placing oneself in
the shoes of another via imagination → favorable outcomes:
- Helping
- Stereotype reduction
- Improved interpersonal communication
This study → applying the idea of IVE assisted perspective taking to human-nature interactions
to promote a sense of nature as a part of people’s self-identity, and involvement with nature.
Perspective taking increases feelings of empathy and helping behavior in interpersonal
interactions, we anticipate that taking the perspective of animals will promote caring for nature
and the environment.
Why use VR? → exposure to information alone does not facilitate learning or change behavior
as an individual must engage with and process the content of the message.
With personal experiences, individuals are more likely to consider the impacts of environmental
damage to be personally relevant, perceive immediacy of environmental risks, and intend
to engage in pro environmental behaviors. IVEs come in handy because they can simulate
situations (e.g. a flood to learn about the consequences of global warming). Not possible IRL.
If individuals can be encouraged to take the perspective of nature and consider nature as a part
of their self-identities → they are likely to feel closer, empathic, and more immersed with nature
→ resulting in pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.
VR and Climate Change: Can we do something about climate change by using VR?
- Exposure to information alone does not easily change behaviour.
- Many problems are not directly observable: ocean acidification
- Temporal distance cause – effect: the direct consequences are not clear to us
Rationale: let people experience the more personal, the better. Personal experiences increase
likelihood to engage in pro-environmental behaviour.
E.g. A lot of birds get oil spoiled over them. Participants are being asked:
- Take the perspective of this bird
- Imagine being this bird
,- Take the perspective of someone living in the future
→ Doesn’t work. Because people move on, they forget after a few hours
But: direct approach works:
- Embodiment through VR
- Put on VR headset and imagine you are a cow.
Aim of the paper: examine the effectiveness of immersive virtual environments in enhancing
feelings of interconnectedness and involvement with nature.
Schemas = existing memories
Why use VR?:
- Spatial presence = one’s physical body feels in sync with the movements of the virtual
experience. → Experiences in IVEs simulate direct experiences and are able to produce
schemas similar to offline experiences.
- Body transfer = realistic illusion of body ownership, that a person has become the virtual
body. → Extends the concept of embodiment to a point where individuals not only share
sensory cues but also feel as if they are the virtual body.
H1: Individuals exposed to an environmental experience through IVEs will perceive higher
spatial presence than individuals exposed to the experience on video.
Because IVEs allow individuals to put themselves inside the virtual body of an animal, they
would directly feel the threats it is up against and feel connected to its plight.
H2: Individuals exposed to an environmental experience through IVEs will perceive stronger
body transfer than individuals exposed to the experience on video.
When individuals use IVEs to embody the experiences of animals and take their perspective,
the sensory-rich experience and the ability to control the embodied animal are likely to elicit
stronger feelings of interconnection between the self and the nature than watching a video.
Inclusion of nature in self: connectedness between nature and the self is conceptualized as the
extent to which individuals include the nature in thinking about the self.
H3: Individuals exposed to an environmental experience through IVEs will perceive greater
inclusion of nature in self (INS) than those watching the experience on video.
High levels of spatial presence and body transfer should increase feelings that the individual
has become one with the animal
H4: Spatial presence (H4A) and body transfer (H4B) will both mediate the relationship between
experimental conditions and INS.
Experiment 1
To which extent embodying an animal in an IVE would be more effective in eliciting feelings of
INS than watching a video (control condition).
49 participants. They viewed the virtual world in the IVE condition through a HDM.
Participants’ physical head movements were tracked with orientation sensor.
Haptic feedback was generated in the form of floor vibrations.
Measures:
- Body transfer: 15-item, 5-point interval scale questions
- Spatial presence: 5-item, 5-point interval scale questions
- Inclusion of Nature in Self (INS): single-item, 7-point pictorial scale → series of seven
overlapping Venn diagram circles, one circle labeled self and the other labeled cow.
, Participants chose the picture that best described how interconnected he or she felt with the
virtual cow.
All hypotheses supported except H4A (spatial presence as mediator).
Experiment 2
Building on experiment 1. Tested the robustness of using IVEs in taking the perspective of
animals by expanding the target of perspective taking to marine life endangered by ocean
acidification.
IVE participants should feel as if they have become coral on a rocky reef; seeing, hearing, and
feeling its habitat destroyed and its own body suffering.
Influence of a moderator— trait connectedness with nature (individual trait differences)
H1 - H4 remain the same for this experiment.
RQ1: Does connectedness with nature moderate the parallel mediated pathway between
experimental condition, spatial presence/body transfer, and INS?
H5: Individuals with a high INS will feel high imminence of environmental risk, which, in turn,
leads to high issue involvement.
To investigate the persistence of the parallel mediation model over time:
RQ2: One week following exposure to treatments, will individuals exposed to an environmental
experience through IVEs perceive greater INS than those who watched the experience on
video?
RQ3: One week following exposure to treatments, will spatial presence (RQ3A) and body
transfer (RQ3B) continue to mediate the relationship between experimental conditions and INS?
The experiment was conducted in two phases
- Phase 1: IVE condition: participants entered a virtual ocean and saw an avatar, a scaled,
three-dimensional digital representation of a piece of coral. Researcher in the room
simultaneously poked the participant’s torso to induce body transfer. Video condition:
participants watched the same sequence of events on a monitor. All participants completed
an online questionnaire.
- Phase 2: One week later, participants were emailed to assess changes in INS.
Measures:
Immediately after experimental treatments (Time 1), spatial presence, body transfer, and INS
were measured. Perceived temporal distance was measured with a single 7-point interval item.
Issue involvement: six 7-point bipolar items asking participants to rate how important, of
concern, relevant, meaningful, of matter, and involving the issue of ocean acidification was to
them.
Connectedness with nature: fourteen 5-point Likert scale items
At time 2, INS was measured again.
Results:
Replicate and extend findings from experiment 1:
- IVEs were more effective than video in assisting individuals in their efforts to take the
perspective of animals.
- Both spatial presence and body transfer as a result of the virtual experience in an IVE
seemed to drive greater INS at Time 1.
- Only body transfer continued to drive INS at Time 2 implying the effect of spatial presence
may dissipate over time.
, - Individual trait differences in feeling connected to nature did not moderate these mediation
pathways.
- Heightened INS (Time 1) led to individuals perceiving that the environmental risk of ocean
acidification was imminent. The perceived imminence of risk then triggered greater
perceived involvement in the issue of ocean acidification.
Experiment 3
Tested the final parallel mediation model (H1-H5) in the context of ocean acidification with a
larger pool of participants for greater power and generalizability.
Without haptic feedback.
Similar to experiment 2: coral reef through HMD (but not physically poked) or video.
All measures the same as experiment 2.
Results:
H1 supported: participants in the IVE condition perceived significantly higher spatial presence.
H2 supported: participants in the IVE condition felt significantly greater body transfer.
H3 not supported: no differences in INS between participants in the IVE condition and video
condition.
H4B was supported but H4A was not.
H5 supported: shorter temporal distance then led to greater issue involvement
General discussion
Summary of findings:
Experiment 1: embodying the sensory-rich experience of an animal in an IVE led to greater
perception of spatial presence, body transfer, and INS. However, a parallel mediation model
revealed that only body transfer mediated the relationship between the IVE experience and INS.
Experiment 2: replicated these findings by showing that IVE experiences led to greater spatial
presence, body transfer, and INS. Immediately following experimental treatments, both spatial
presence and body transfer mediated the relationship between IVE experience and INS.
However, the mediating effects of spatial presence dissipate over time. One week following
experimental treatments, only body transfer drove the perception of INS. The parallel mediation
model was expanded to include the process of INS increasing the perceived imminence of the
environment risk, and the risk ultimately leading to increased issue involvement.
Experiment 3: tested the final parallel mediation model with a larger sample and the HMD
system without haptic feedback. IVE experiences led to greater spatial presence and body
transfer but did not affect INS. As in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 (Time 2), only body
transfer mediated the relationship between experimental condition and INS, which led to an
increase in perceived imminence of risk and ultimately increased involvement in the issue of
ocean acidification, substantiating results from Experiment 2.
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