History - Answer-- Kanner: 8/11 were male
- Asperger: 4/4 cases he wrote in detail were male
- These early male-centred behavioral, clinical, and symptom descriptions may have led to an underrepresentation of females in research, which in turn led to a male-biased understanding of ASD (Chuan ...
Psychology 208 Final Exam ASD and
Women Questions with Latest Update
History - Answer-- Kanner: 8/11 were male
- Asperger: 4/4 cases he wrote in detail were male
- These early male-centred behavioral, clinical, and symptom descriptions may have led
to an underrepresentation of females in research, which in turn led to a male-biased
understanding of ASD (Chuan Lai, et. al., 2015)
Is ASD diagnosed more in males or females? - Answer-- "In the absence of intellectual
impairment autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed both less and later in females"
According to DSM- 5 - Answer-- Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed FOUR TIMES
more often in MALES than in females.
- In clinic samples, FEMALES tend to be MORE LIKELY TO SHOW ACCOMPANYING
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, suggesting that girls without accompanying intellectual
impairments or language delays may go unrecognized
- perhaps because of the subtler manifestation of social and communication difficulties.
Ratios - Answer-- Commonly cited as 4:1
- On average, the male to female ratio stands at 4.3:1, with this ratio increasing to
around 9:1 in the absence of comorbid intellectual impairment (Hiller et. al., 2015)
- Ratios for Low IQ individuals with ASD is estimated to be 2:1 (Centre for Disease
Control, 2012)
Measurement Bias - Answer-- ADOS/ADI did not factor in gender differences when
norming instruments
- Women are more likely to be diagnosed as AD/HD, Eating Disorders, Language
Delay, Anxiety Disorder
Measurement - Answer-- ADOS and ADI do not differentiate for gender
- Girls:
- Require more severe ASD symptoms for diagnosis
-More severe behavioural and cognitive impairment
-Are often underreported by teachers
, Differences from Neurotypical Women - Answer-- Similar pattern to males: lower social
and communication skills, and higher restricted/stereotypical behaviours
- Higher (than NT women) reported perceptions of low self-esteem, internalizing
(depression, anxiety) and externalizing (tantrums, crying) behaviours
Ketelaaars et. al., (2016) Regarding Differences from Neurotypical Women - Answer--
Emotional recognition was delayed in females with ASD compared to NT's...not
necessarily inaccurate...just significantly slower
- Also found their sample of women with ASD were able to accurately identify levels of
emotional arousal...but were significantly poorer at labelling the emotion
ASD and Eating disorders Gender Ratios - Answer-Anorexia and Bulimia:
- 10 : 1 (Female : Male)
•Karjalainen et. al., (2016 found prevalence rates in ASD of 7.9%•
- Gender Ratio: 2.5 : 1
(Female : Male)
Characteristics more often present in females with ASD than Males (chart) - Answer-
social interaction
- greater awareness of the need for social interaction
communication
- better linguistic abilities developmentally
Restricted, repetitive patters of behaviour
- involve people/animals rather than objects
Other
- tendency to be perfectionistic, controlling, etc.
Female ASD Differences - Answer-- GREATER interest in socialisation
- FEWER stereotypical and repetitive behaviours
- Restricted interests that are more in line with social and gender norms
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