Ann Arbor staging..........................................................................................................................................21
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................29
IVT – GVT Allogeneic stem cell transplantation..................................................................................................29
IVT – GVT Stem cell biology, clonal evolution, pathogenesis and leukemic transformation.............................31
IVT – GVT Acute Myeloid Leukemia – Diagnostics (flow cytometry)..................................................................33
IVT – GVT Allogeneic stem cell transplantation - Immunology and GVHD.........................................................35
IVT – GVT Cellular Immunotherapy – T-cells, Dendritic Cells and NK-cells.........................................................36
IVT – GVT Chronic Myeloid leukemia and primary Myelofibrosis – Clinical aspects and diagnostics................38
IVT – GVT Essential Thrombocytosis and Polycythaemia Vera and secondary myelofibrosis............................40
Formative exam AML and MPN..........................................................................................................................42
IVT – GVT Lymphoma & PDC – Clinical aspects...................................................................................................45
IVT – GVT Lymphoma & PDC – Therapeutic options...........................................................................................47
Formative exam lymphoma and plasma cell dyscrasia.......................................................................................49
3
, Hemato-Oncology: From Concept to Cure
Stem Cell Biology, Clonal Evolution, Pathogenesis and Leukemic Transformation
Stem Cell Biology
Blood cells are divided into three major groups:
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), which provide oxygen transport. A deficiency of red blood cells leads to
anemia.
White blood cells (leukocytes), which are responsible for defense against infections. These are divided
into five types, each with its own name and function. Each species has great variation in terms of
percentage and numbers:
basophilic granulocytes <1%
eosinophilic granulocytes 1-6%;
neutrophilic granulocytes 40-75%
lymphocytes 20-40%
monocytes 2-10%.
Platelets (thrombocytes), responsible for primary hemostasis or blood clotting
During their maturation, hematopoietic
cells express proteins on their cell
membrane (so-called CD markers) the
composition of these proteins depends on
the developmental stage the cell is in.
Hematopoietic stem cells express the
surface molecule CD34 on their cell
membrane. Matured blood cells are CD34
negative.
Characteristic of B cells is the expression of
CD20 on the cell membrane. T cells,
however, express CD4 and CD8.
Pleitropic growth factors: these are factors aimed at differentiation and already act on precursor or progenitor
cells, such as IL-3, for example.
Lineage-specific growth factors: are factors aimed at maturation, they
act on the more mature cells, such as G-CSF on neutrophilic
granulocytes and basophilic granulocytes and Epo on erythrocytes.
Leukemia results from the uncontrolled accumulation of primitive,
poorly differentiated blood cells, and is a consequence of the
accumulation of mutations in hematopoietic precursor cells. It seems
likely that mutations affecting at least two pathways are required for
the development of leukemia. One of these pathways regulates cell
accumulation; the second regulates hematopoietic differentiation.
Genes that are mutated in leukemia can be classified in four major biological groups:
Growth factor receptors
Signal transduction molecules
Gene expression regulation
Apoptosis
Leukemic transformation
Random mutations occur in our genome for instance by toxic agents, UV and mistakes in copying DNA during
cell division. Most of these mutations are biologically inactive and not harmful. Still they are passed on to all
daughter cells. These mutations are called passenger mutations. When, however a mutation occurs in a gene
that regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation, the cell may acquire a growth advantage
leading to the expansion of a clone that harbors the mutation. These mutations are called driver mutations.
4
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper StudentRU07. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €11,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
