This Summary is based on the book Modern Physical Organic Chemistry and the slides and notes from the professors' lectures.
The summary is about chapter 7.3 Hammond Postulate
Chapter 8 Isotope effects, substituent effect, hammett plots, LFER
Chapter 9.3 Bronsted acid-base catalysis
Chapter 1...
Based on the notes and slides of Prof. T.Kudernack and S. Otto. The
chapters 7,8, 9, 10, 11, and 15 of the book Modern Physical Organic
Chemistry by Eric V. Anslyn and Dennis A. Dougherty.
1
,Reaction Mechanism Summary 2024 - V
Table of Content
Chapter 7.3 Hammond postulate .............................................................................................7
Chapter 8: Experiments related to thermodynamics and kinetics ..............................................8
8.1 Isotope effect .................................................................................................................8
8.1.2 Origin of the primary kinetic isotope effect ................................................................9
8.1.3 Origin of secondary kinetic isotope effect ............................................................... 11
8.1.4 Equilibrium isotope effect (also known as thermodynamic IE) ................................. 13
8.1.5 Tunneling............................................................................................................... 14
8.1.6 Solvent isotope effect......................................................................................... 14
8.1.7 Heavy isotope effect .............................................................................................. 15
8.2 Substituent effect .................................................................................................. 15
8.3 Hammett plots ............................................................................................................. 17
8.3.2 Rho (ρ)................................................................................................................... 18
8.3.4 Deviation from Linearity ......................................................................................... 20
8.3.5 Separating Resonance from Induction. ................................................................... 21
8.4 Other Linear Free Energy Relationships ......................................................................... 22
8.4.1 Steric and Polar effects – Taft parameters ............................................................... 22
8.4.2 Grunwald-Weinstein plots —Solvent effects ........................................................... 23
8.4.3 Schleyer adaptation ............................................................................................... 23
8.4.5 Swain-Scott Parameters – Nucleophilicity parameters ............................................ 23
8.4.6 Edward and Ritchies correlations ........................................................................... 23
8.8 Miscellaneous experiments for studying mechanisms ................................................... 24
Chapter 9.3 Bronsted acid-base catalysis ........................................................................... 26
9.3.1 Specific catalysis ................................................................................................... 26
9.3.2 General Catalysis .................................................................................................. 27
9.3.5 Bronsted catalysis law ........................................................................................... 29
9.3.6 Libido rule ............................................................................................................. 30
Appendix 5: pushing electrons ............................................................................................... 30
Chapter 10: Mechanisms of reactions involving additions or/and eliminations ..................... 32
10.1 Predicting Organic Reactivity ...................................................................................... 33
1. Electrostatics ........................................................................................................ 33
2. Nucleophile-electrophile interactions .................................................................... 33
3. Lewis acid-Lewis base interactions ........................................................................ 34
4. Orbital interactions ................................................................................................ 34
Addition reactions ............................................................................................................. 35
10.2 Hydration of carbonyl compounds .............................................................................. 35
2
,Reaction Mechanism Summary 2024 - V
10.2.1 Acid-Base Catalysis ............................................................................................. 35
7.8.2 More O’Ferrall Jencks Plot ...................................................................................... 37
10.3 Electrophilic Addition of Water to Alkenes and Alkynes: Hydration ........................... 38
10.3.3 Regiochemistry .................................................................................................... 38
10.3.4 Electrophilic hydration of alkynes ......................................................................... 39
10.4 Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes ................................................... 39
10.4.3 Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides of alkynes............................................. 41
10.5 Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes .......................................................... 41
10.5.5 Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkynes ........................................................ 42
10.6 Hydroboration of alkenes............................................................................................ 43
10.7 Epoxidation ................................................................................................................ 43
10.8 Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds ............................................................ 44
10.8.5 Orbital considerations.......................................................................................... 45
10.8.7 Stereochemistry .................................................................................................. 46
10.9 Nucleophilic Additions to Olefins ................................................................................ 47
10.9.3 Regiochemistry of Addition ................................................................................... 47
10.9.4 Baldwin’s Rules ................................................................................................... 47
10.10 Radical additions to unsaturated systems ................................................................. 48
10.11 Carbene addition .................................................................................................. 51
10.11.2 Carbene Generation ........................................................................................... 51
10.12 Elimination to form carbonyls or “carbonyl-like” intermediates .................................. 52
10.12.4 Stereoelectronic effects ..................................................................................... 54
10.13 Elimination to give alkenes ........................................................................................ 55
10.13.3 Contrasting Elimination vs Substitution .............................................................. 56
10.13.4 Elimination, unimolecular, conjugate base (E1cB) ............................................... 56
10.3.7 Regiochemistry of eliminations............................................................................. 58
10.13.8 Stereochemistry of Elimination ........................................................................... 59
10.13.9 Dehydration ....................................................................................................... 61
10.13.10 Thermal eliminations Ei (intramolecular) ........................................................... 61
10.14 Eliminations from radical intermediates .................................................................... 61
10.15 The addition of nitrogen nucleophiles to carbonyl structures, Followed by elimination 62
10.15.2 Acid-Base Catalysis........................................................................................... 63
10.16 The addition of carbon nucleophiles, followed by elimination – Wittig reaction ........... 63
10.17 Acyl transfer ...................................................................................................... 64
10.17.2 Isotope Scrambling ............................................................................................ 65
10.17.3 Site of cleavage for acyl transfer in esters ............................................................ 65
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper joycevj. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,27. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
