This is a very extensive summary of the course Biodiversity. It contains all the information from the lectures. This summary included the characteristics with visualization for proper recognition and taxonomy.
This summary will help you to receive a high exam grade. Good luck!
,Rosacea
Characteristics:
- Numerous stamen.
- Most often 5 petals (free (not fused together)).
- Distinct calyx (sepals), with sometimes an epicalyx (free
sepals).
- Fleshy fruit.
Vegetative traits:
- Leaves always with stipule (leaf-like structure always at the
base of the leaves).
- Often with compounded leaves.
- Leaflets often serrated.
Genera within the Rosaceae:
- Genus Potantilla.
- Genus Prunus.
- Genus Rubus.
Rosaceae – genus Potentilla:
- Herbaceous without prickles.
- Calyx and epicalyx.
- Flowers often yellow, otherwise white (only one species in the Netherlands).
- Leaves palmately (5 separate leaflets) or pinnately (2 leaflets) compound.
- Margins serrated or toothed.
- Small seeds compared to the other Rosaceae.
Rosaceae – genus Prunus:
- Woody shrubs or trees.
- Often flower exurbantly (a lot of flowers).
- Simple leaves (not compound) with glands at base (to attract insects).
- Fruits well-developed.
Rosaceae – genus Rubus:
- Prickly (one of the two prickly genus of Rosaceae).
- Semi-woody.
- Pannicle-like inflorescence.
- Obvious fruits.
- Carrying thorns.
- Compound leaves (3 or 5).
- Unorganised, tangled look.
,Asteraceae
Characteristics:
- Sensory system (for pollen release).
- Petals are fused.
- Tubular (outside) and/or ligulate (inside) flowers.
- Pappus.
- Involucre composed of phyllaries.
Genera of Asteraceae:
- Genus Centaurea.
- Genus Cirsium.
Asteraceae – genus Centaurea:
- Herbaceaous plants.
- Inflorescences alone at the end of stem.
- Flowers all tubular – typical edge flowers.
- Typical involucre.
- Leaves simple to deeply cut.
Astreaceae – genus Cirsium:
- Thristles – thus have prickles.
- Prickles only on leaves and involucre.
- Flowers all tubular.
- Pappus with long side hairs – feathery look.
Lamiaceae
Characteristics:
- Stamens are adapted (bend down on top of the insect) for better fertilization (and no
self-fertilization).
- Flowers with fused petals.
- Clear ‘lips’.
- Sepals fused.
- Flowers in false whorl.
Vegetative traits:
- Decussate leaves.
- Quandrangular stem
Genera of Lamiaceae:
- Genus Lamium.
Lamiaceae – genus Lamium:
- ‘Perfect representatives of Lamiaceae’.
- Typical venation.
- Resemble burning nettles.
, Fabaceae
Characteristics:
- Nitrogen-fixating bacteria in the roots.
- Flower consists of 5 petals:
1 banner
2 wings
1 keel (2 merged petals).
- 10 stamen, 9 fused.
- Petals never fused at base.
Vegetative traits:
- Leaves often compound.
- Sometimes leaves with tendrils.
- Stipules at the base of leaves.
- The fruits are very pea-like.
Genera of Fabaceae:
- Genus Trifolium.
- Genus Vicia.
Fabaceae – genus Trifolium:
- Always three leaflets (although… could be four).
- Globular head with flowers.
- Fruits are often small (cannot see them), not
surpassing the theeth of the calyx.
- Pronounced stipules.
Fabaceae – genus Vicia:
- Pinnately compound leaves.
- Large, pea-like fruits.
- Tendrils.
- Flowers often with many together in terminal panicle (but not always!).
- Thin, quandrangular stems.
Vegetative traits
You need to distinguish vegetative traits when the plant does not have a flower (where you
can recognize the plant from).
Leaves: different shapes and the arrangement of leaves (compound leaves). Margin
(serrated etc.) and venation are important differences.
Growth forms – roots:
Beneath ground:
- Extended rhizomes
- Short rhizomes (tufts)
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