Samenvatting
Samenvatting uitwerkingen leerdoelen international and european law nabespreking 8
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- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
uitwerkingen leerdoelen international and european law nabespreking 8
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EU/INTERNATION LAW PROBLEM 8Literature:
- Chapter V
Case law:
- Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Francovich (Preliminary Ruling, 19 November 1991)
- Case C-91/92 Faccini Dori (Preliminary Ruling, 14 July 1994)
- Case C-224/01 Köbler (Preliminary Ruling, 30 September 2003)
- Case 25/62 Plaumann (Annulment Procedure, 15 July 1963)
- Case 283/81 Cilfit (Preliminary Ruling, 6 October 1982)
- Case 294/83 Les Verts (Annulment Procedure, 23 April 1986)
- Case 314/85 Foto-Frost (Preliminary Ruling, 22 October 1987)
- Case C-188/92 TWD Textilwerke Deggendorf (Preliminary Ruling, 9 March 1994)
1 | Introduction
The Court holds a significant role in the development and enforcement of EU law, shaping
the process of European integration alongside the Treaties. It views the Union as a distinct
legal entity, with member states and their citizens as its subjects. Article 19(1) TEU tasks the
Court with ensuring the observance of the law in interpreting and applying the Treaties. This
not only upholds the integrity of EU law but also safeguards the rights of individuals and
companies against acts inconsistent with EU law.
The relationship between EU courts and national courts is characterized by judicial
cooperation rather than independence. National courts, often referred to as decentralized
EU courts, play a vital role in enforcing EU law and ensuring access to justice in cases
involving EU law. While the focus of this examination lies on key types of actions brought
before the CJEU and national courts, it acknowledges the importance of other actions, such
as those concerning disputes between the Union and its servants.
To better understand the mechanisms of legal protection regarding EU law, actions brought
before EU courts and national courts are differentiated and examined in light of their
conditions and specifics outlined in the TFEU.
2 | Actions brought before the Court of Justice and the General Court
2.1 | Introduction
The member states are the main addressees of the obligations arising from primary and
secondary EU law (an example being Art. 4(3) TFEU). The TFEU outlines the main
characteristics of actions brought before the Court of Justice and the General Court primarily
in Articles 258 to 280. However, further details regarding the organization and procedural
rules of these courts are provided in the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European
,Union, which is annexed to the Treaties, and the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice
and the General Court.
These instruments not only elaborate on the procedures outlined in the TFEU but
also encompass additional types of actions that are significant in practice. Examples
include appeals filed with the Court against certain decisions of the General Court
and proceedings before the General Court pertaining to disputes concerning
intellectual property rights.
2.2 | Procedure of the EU courts
EU law has its own procedural rules that apply to all cases before the Court of Justice and the
General Court. These rules cover the courts' organization, written and oral proceedings,
special procedures like appeals and interventions, and exceptional remedies such as third-
party proceedings and judgment interpretation.
2.2.1 | Language
In the EU courts, proceedings can be conducted in any of the Union's official languages. In
direct actions, the applicant usually chooses the language. However, there are exceptions,
such as when a Member State is involved. Documents must be in the language of the case or
translated. While judgments are translated into all official languages, only the text in the
language of the case is legally binding.
2.2.2 | The written and oral parts of the proceedings
In European court proceedings, individuals and entities must be represented by authorized
agents or lawyers. The written phase clarifies the dispute's subject matter, with parties
presenting facts and arguments. Proceedings begin with an application or reference, often
from a national court. Documents are submitted to the court's registrar, who maintains a
register.
After serving the defendant, there's a two-month period for them to respond. Parties can
then rebut each other's arguments. The court may propose organization or inquiry measures
like witness hearings. Hearings are usually public, allowing parties to present their
arguments, and the Advocate General may ask questions. In Court of Justice cases, the oral
phase usually ends with the Advocate General's opinion, while the General Court typically
closes it at the hearing's conclusion.
2.2.3 | Judgments
Following the closure of the oral part of the proceedings, the competent chamber
or plenum conducts deliberations behind closed doors. Decisions are adopted by a majority
vote of judges who participated in the oral phase, and an uneven number of judges must be
present for decisions to be valid. The decisions, delivered in open court, take the form of
judgments or orders, with parties invited to attend the delivery.
, The judgments of the Court of Justice and the General Court typically follow a
structured format. They begin by listing the parties, representatives, and the dispute's
subject matter. A summary of facts and parties' positions follows, along with the
court's considerations and ruling. The judgment closes with the decision on costs, the
names of the judges involved, and the delivery details. While the Court of Justice's
considerations are usually concise, the Advocate General's analysis often offers a
more detailed examination of legal issues.
Once signed, the judgment becomes binding, and extracts are published in the
Official Journal of the European Union.
2.2.4 | Costs
Parties involved in proceedings before the Court of Justice and the General Court generally
don't pay fees. However, they do incur expenses for representation, experts, and witnesses.
Often, the losing party is required to cover the costs of the winning party, especially if
requested in the initial application or defense. Those unable to afford these costs can request
legal aid.
2.2.5 | Appeals
Under certain conditions, the unsuccessful party can appeal a decision of the General Court
to the Court of Justice. The appeal aims to challenge the General Court's decision based on
points of law, such as lack of competence, procedural breaches, or EU law infringements.
Appeals solely concerning costs are not allowed. If successful, the Court of Justice may annul
the General Court's decision and either render a final judgment or refer the case back to the
General Court for reconsideration.
2.3 | Infringement procedure
2.3.1 | Introduction
Member states bear primary responsibility for fulfilling obligations under both primary and
secondary EU law. They must ensure compliance with Treaty obligations and legislative acts,
refraining from measures that could hinder Union objectives, as per the principle of sincere
cooperation. Common examples of member state breaches include failure to transpose
directives or impeding the internal market's proper functioning.
Chapter III outlines the Commission's role in monitoring EU law compliance, including
initiating infringement proceedings against member states. These proceedings serve to
secure condemnation by the Court of Justice for breaches. Member states can also initiate
such proceedings against each other. The subsequent sections delve into the admissibility
and merits of such proceedings, emphasizing that Commission actions under Articles 258
and 259 TFEU are prerequisites for initiating them, rather than integral components.
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