Cultural Psychology (International Student Edition, third edition) by Steven J. Heine - ISBN:
3709.
Summary of chapters: 6, 8, 9, 10, 11. This summary includes all the chapters from the booked needed for the second exam of the course 'Introduction to Cultural Psychology' at the University of Ams...
CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY (International Student Edition, third edition)
Steven J. Heine
INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
Universiteit van Amsterdam, semester 2, year 19/20
Second INTREM EXAM
Chapter 6 – Self and personality
Chapter 8 - Motivation
Chapter 9 – Cognition and perception
Chapter 10 – Emotions
Chapter 11 – Interpersonal attraction and close relationships
,CHAPTER 6 – SELF AND PERSONALITY
=> Culture defines: the degree to which people view themselves as a) abstract psychological
attributes/enduring inner attributes or b) concrete roles and relationships/connections with others
Both lead to different patterns of brain activity
Consider in terms of roles -> leads to more thinking about other’s people when thinking
about social roles
Views on the self
* Independent (Western) = the self can be thought to derive its identity from its inner attributes
These attributes reflect an inner essence of the individual, because:
o They are the basis of the individual’s identity
o They are stable across situations and lifespan
o They are unique
o They are self-contained (arise from individual’s interactions with others)
o They are significant for regulating behavior
o They are advertised with by individuals towards others
- Independent individuals experience their identities largely distinct form their relationships
- Important self-defining aspect of identity lie within the individual
- The self is bounded and stable (solid border around the individual)
- The border between ingroup (close relations) and outgroup (distant relations) is fluid ->
easily to move between them
*Interdependent (e.g. Asian) = the self can be viewed as a relational entity that is fundamentally
connect to, and sustained by, a number of significant relationships => individuals are entities in a
larger social unit
- Behavior is recognized as contingent upon perceptions of others’ thoughts, feelings and
actions -> always consider how your behavior affects others + organize your experiences in
response to what others are thinking and doing
- The border surrounding the interdependent self overlaps with an individuals significant
relationships -> individuals are not distinct, unique entities
- The key aspects of identity rest at the intersection between the individual and significant
relationships -> identities are grounded in relationships with others
- Identity of the person is experiences somewhat fluid in different situations
- The border that separates the ingroup from the outgroup is solid, there is a stable distinction
=> In the brain: interdependent use same part for representations of the self and other (independent
people use different parts)
Relationships (with ingroup) -> are of special significance among interdependent views, because are
critical for self-definition + serve to direct appropriate behaviors
- Becoming a member of ingroup of interdependent people is more difficult
- Independent people:
o Are more willing to form new relationships
o Maintain larger networks of relationships
o Are less distressed if relationships fade over time
, -> Cultural practices are partly shaped by the kinds of self-concepts a culture’s members have =>
culture and self make each other up
* Individualistic cultures = people in these cultures are more likely to elaborate on independent
aspects of themselves and feel distinct form others and emphasize the importance of being self-
sufficient
* Collectivistic cultures = people in these cultures are more likely to attend to interdependent aspects
of their self-concepts, e.g. their close relationships and group memberships
-> Periods of economic growth can be linked with growing rates of independence (and recessions
with increasing interdependence)
! There are also other dimensions that differ between cultures
- But individualism-collectivism has the highest power and empirical support to distinguish
cultures (but other dimensions is not that much research in yet)
! People cannot be categorized cleanly to an independent or interdependent self => the experience
of the self follows a continuum (have aspects of both)
- People experience more independent or interdependent situation depending on the culture
they live in -> thus that part of the self is more frequently encountered
Gender: woman are more interdependent and men more independent identities -> this only
accounts for the fact that woman have more attention to other’s feelings and concerns (relatedness)
- Might also just be a result of particular cultural practices
* Gender equality:
There are strikingly different views toward gender equality around the world
Regardless of where data is collected, within a culture men and women tend to share fairly
similar views about gender equality -> attitudes towards gender equality are part of the
cultural discourse and shape of people’s views in a culture
Almost always males have significantly more traditional gender views than females (because
traditional gender views benefit men more than women)
Variables that influence gender views: religion, geographical location, how urbanized the
country is on average (not clear if this are causes or consequences)
Historical take: using plow cultivation (working with large animals to pull the plow) leads to
gender differences, because needed to be done by men -> you can still see the influence of
this today, regions which used plow cultivation are less egalitarian today
* Essentialism = e.g. gender identity is thought to reflect an underlying unchangeable essence -> the
gender that is more essentialized has less flexible ways of being expressed in socially approved ways
In America: male is more essentialized -> woman can do male stereotype things, but not the
other way around
Mostly the gender that is associated with more power in a culture is the one to be
essentialized
=> How do cultural differences in independent and interdependent self-concepts lead to other
differences in ways of thinking about the self:
* Self-consistency = doe we think and behave the same across different situations (and in different
relationships)
Americans are more self-consistent than Japanese (they are less self-critical when alone)
Cognitive dissonance = we have a powerful motivation to be consistent and cognitive
dissonance is the distressing feeling we have when we observe ourselves acting
inconsistently, such that we feel a great need to rid ourselves of is, this by:
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