Samenvatting
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[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 35 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 35 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lecture 1: introduction to the courseWhy we need to talk about work, health and well-being
- Work is an important part of people’s wellbeing, including SES, prestige (=aanzien)
and identity.
- Work is a major cause of illness and injury, weighing heavily on the health care
budgets of welfare states, the successfulness of business and people’s quality of life.
- Health effects of work -> growing policy attention in vergrijzende society.
What is work?
Paid and unpaid work
- Productive vs. reproductive/subsistence labour (Marx)
o Productive: all the work that has to do with the economy, go to office,
produce service
o Reproductive: all other types of work, cleaning, making food, caring for
children/elderly.
- In this course we focus on paid work within organizations.
- Whether work is paid or not differ across time and place.
o E.g. Childcare, elderly care.
Jobs
When we talk about peoples work we tend to talk about their jobs.
situated descriptions of employment, that take into account where and how work is
actually performed (Ahonen et al. 2018).
Elements of jobs, this is dependent on (for example):
- Employment relationship = self employment, contract
- Occupation = teacher, welder (=lasser), nurse
- Working conditions = location, hours worked, wages
- Job characteristics = ergonomic demands (= Eisen bedoeld om gezondheidsklachten
te voorkomen)
Pro-work / Anti-work
- Commodification of labour.
- Work-centred societies. Something you want to do; you are supposed to care about.
Someone who works is a better citizen. We all spend the majorities of our life
working.
- Anti-work: Born to live, forced to work.
Health and well-being
Health and well-being are adjacent concepts, they partly overlap.
- Well-being: The combination of feeling good and functioning well; the experience of
positive emotions such as happiness and contentment as well as the development of
one’s potential, having some control over one’s life, having a sense of purpose, and
experiencing positive relationships (Huppert, 2009)
- Health: Not merely the absence of disease or infirmity but a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being (World Health Organization)
,The complex relation between work, health and wellbeing.
- Work affects health and wellbeing in complex reciprocal and heterogeneous ways.
- Work is an important boost for people’s wellbeing and health
- Work is a major cause of illness and injury.
It’s both good and bad
Job rewards/resources
Positive impacts of jobs on wellbeing and health: job rewards, job resources
- Wellbeing rewards of employment include
o Income, SES
o Identity
o Social networks
Health rewards of employment include
- Better self-reported physical and mental health
- Psycho-social resources
- Health insurances & benefits
Job demands or risks
Job demands, stressors or risks: negative effects of
jobs on health & wellbeing. ----------->
Work related health problems are common.
Unequal exposure to wellbeing benefits and risks
Work affects health and wellbeing in complex
heterogeneous ways (= in 2 richtingen, bidirectional).
Bidirectional: Health affects work and work
affects health.
Complex: work affects health/wellbeing
differently in different circumstances, can be
damaging and healing at the same time.
Labour markets are unequal. Doing a job as a carpenter is different from a university teacher.
There are different risks/salaries.
- Social/occupational class theory
- Labour market segmentation: Difference type of stability due to different contracts.
Paid work or workers is often subdivided into segements
- Blue vs. white collar: manual vs. non-manual
- Self-employment vs dependent employment (employee)
- Occupation / occupational class
Common physical health risks at work
- Tiring or painful positions: plumber needs to get under the sink.
- Activities involving strong visual concentration: staring at computer screens.
- Handling or heavy loads
,Differences in exposure to physical health risks
Exposure to mental health risks
Some work poses psycho-social demands eg
- Stress enhancing forms of work organization (insecurity in working hours)
- Stressful interpersonal encounters (toxic work cultures, client/patient aggression)
- Work pressure
Most common mental health risk factors: Time pressure, overload of work, dealing with
difficult patients/clients, job insecurity
Occupational health disparities (=ongelijkheden)
- Unequal exposure to health risks across jobs
- Occupational health disparities (OHD) framework: health disparities related to work
result from the exposure to health demands or resources associated with different
jobs (working conditions, job characteristics).
- Jobs expose workers to different risks
- Some jobs expose workers to more risks than others.
Inequalities in wellbeing & rewards.
Labour market inequalities
are related to, for example:
• Earnings
• Contract status & job
security
• Entitlement to paid leave
• Autonomy and authority
Unequal exposure to physical health risks
Employment exposes workers to physical and mental health demands or risks in
heterogeneous or unequal ways (c.f. Ahonen et al., Landsbergis et al.)
- Different jobs poses different physical and mental health demands/risks
- Some risks have more risk than others.
o E.g. schiphol baggage handlers, farmers and pesticide use
Take away messages
- The demands and resources of a job are unequally distributed
- Different jobs have different exposure to risks
- Factors like gender and age affect the type of job people have & health status
, - In the workplace these inequalities are created and recreated
Literatuur week 1
Work as an Inclusive Part of Population Health Inequities Research and Prevention
Ahonen et al, 2018, in de American journal of public health
Health inequities in work is a blind spot in understanding how inequities are created.
Factors that explain the absence of work from examination of health inequities:
- complexity of work as a concept for study: complex because of race, education,
immigration status.
Employment: the legal relationship that buyers of labor have to sellers of labor
Occupation: socially defined groups of workers with the assumption of shared skills,
knowledge, and tasks
Working conditions: circumstances under which people perform their jobs and can include
how work is organized. Location and hours worked ect.
job characteristics: factors that are close to the job tasks
Work/job: the package of employment relationship, occupation, working conditions, and job
characteristics.
Work is the underlying measure of inequality in any definition of socio-economic health
inequalities, yet we don’t know the influence of work on our health.
Work and health influence each other, but work has both health damaging and health
enhancing effects.
Overlap with other concepts:
- socioeconomic position
- Race, gender and age (influenced by geo- graphic location and educational
attainment)
Parallen concept development
Het is lastig om werk als oorzaak van ziekte te verklaren, omdat er vaak veel factoren bij
betrokken zijn.
The role of data limitations
Onvoldoende data zorgt voor te weinig research. Er zijn verschillende ideeen om het
verzamelen van deze data op de agenda te krijgen.
Including work in population health research
Werk moet een grotere rol spelen bij ondeerzoek naar gezondheid.
Preface: On the phenomenon of bullshit jobs
Door David Graeber in het boek Bullshit jobs: a theory, 2018
Bullshit job: those sorts of jobs that don’t seem, to the outsider, to really do much of
anything: HR consultants, communications coordinators, PR researchers, financial strategists,
corporate lawyers. Doe people feel like their jobs had any good reason to exist.
Een bullshit job kan iemand het gevoel van verveling geven en gebrek aan zingeving geven.
Dit is niet alleen schadelijk voor een individu maar voor de samenleving as geheel.
But what about those people who are themselves convinced their jobs are meaningless?
I believe that the phenomenon of bullshit employment can provide us with a
window on much deeper social problems
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