Samenvatting
Development of talent and motivation summary
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
- Boek
- Positive Psychology
This is a summary of the lectures with addition of the important parts from the book
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 83 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 83 pagina's
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Development of talent and motivation - lecture 1 (chapter 1)What is positive psychology?
- Positive psychology is about the good things in life and not about the things that are wrong
with you (kijkt naar wat is er goed en niet naar wat is er fout met mij)
o Positive psychology revisited ‘’the average person’’ with an interest in finding out
what works, what’s right and what’s improving.
- Positive psychology is the scientific study of what enables individuals and communities to
thrive.
- “Scientific study of ordinary human strengths and virtues (..)
- Positive psychology urges psychologists to adopt a more open and appreciative perspective
regarding human potentials, motives, capacities” Laura King, 2001
Relationship with other disciplines
Positive psychology coincides with other disciplines, it does not stand alone.
dimensions
Three broad areas of human experience
1. Positive subjective states: (subjective level) happiness, job, satisfaction with life, love,
intimacy, constructive thoughts, optimism
2. Positive individual traits: what traits do I have that can help me achieve a sense of well-being
→ (individual level) individuals differ on relatively stable behavior patterns: courage,
persistence, honesty, wisdom, self-esteem
3. Positive institutions: we talk about family systems, school systems, working systems. How
can we implement happiness in this systems. → On the societal or group level, PP focuses on
the development, creation and maintenance of positive institutions: creation of healthy
families and work environments
What are important themes in positive psychology?
The good life is a combination of 3 elements (factors that lead to well-being and fulfilling live)
• Positive individual traits
o Sense of integrity
o Ability to be creative
o Virtues (courage, humility)
• Positive connections to others
o Ability to love
o Altruistic concerns
o Ability to forgive
, o Presence of spiritual connections to help create a sense of deeper meaning and
purpose in life
• Life regulation qualities: those that allow us to regulate our day-to-day behaviour so that we
can accomplish our goals while helping to benefit the people and institutions that we
encounter along the way.
o Sense of autonomy
o Self-control
o Wisdom as a guide to behaviour’
➔ Good life includes relationships with people & society, not individual achievement only
Positive emotions matter
➔ Research on positive emotions has taken a back
seat until recently
➔ Positive emotions are important can help fight
psychological problems.
➔ Anhedonia = it feels like numbness, you lost your sense of pleasurable feeling of things you
normally would enjoy
Evidence:
- A lack of positive emotions can set the stage for depression 10 years later
o Thus, newer forms of psychotherapy focus on the development of positive emotions
and adaptive cooping strategies rather than focussing on negative emotions
- Therapy: improvement in positive emotions induces improvement in negative emotion
- Positive emotions are linked to greater success in life: job, relationships, health
Flourishing: this term is used in many areas of positive psychology to describe high levels of well-
being.
- In contrast someone who exhibits both high well-being an high mental illness is struggling
- The rest can you see in the picture underneath…
➔ 2 relatively independent dimensions: 1. Well-being (positive), 2. Illness (negative)
➔ Eliminating mental illness does not automatically enhance well-being
High emotional well-being or emotional vitality is present when people are happy and satisfied with
their lives. High psychological well-being is found when people feel competent, autonomous and self-
accepting, have a purpose in life, etc. high social well-being is found when people have positive
attitudes toward others, believe that social change is possible, try to make a contribution to society,
etc. The social well-being is measured with 5 dimensions: social acceptance, social actualization,
social contribution, social coherence and social integrations.
- People need positive social relationships
- Deugden en sterktes zijn belangrijk
, - Empathie en compassie zijn belangrijk
- Negative emotions are still important for survival at times, otherwise we would be to
vulnerable
What is the history of well-being and happiness?
What is happiness? A 2000+ year-old question. It was asked thousands of years ago by ancient Greek
philosophers)
• Ancient Greeks: Hedonism: Pleasure is the basic component of the good life. The pursuit of
well-being is fundamentally the pursuit of individual sensual pleasures and the avoidance of
harm, pain and suffering.
• The early Hebrews developed a new social identity by developing a relationship with their
own personal god. This approach had been called a divine command theory of happiness.
The idea that happiness is found by living in accord with the 10 commands or rules set down
by a Supreme Being.
The Greek
• Socrates (496-399 BCE): Socrates directed reason to ultimate questions of human knowledge
and especially to ideas on what we need to be truly happy → know thyself. One must know
the good elements of good life, it will automatically be desired.
• Plato (427-347 BCE): Student of Socrates. the search for wisdom involves a passionate and
difficult quest that looks beneath surface appearances and challenges preconceived notions.
Reason and intuition are used.
• Aristotle: the golden mean (384-322 BCE): Student of Plato.He did not favour the intuition of
eternal forms in the search for higher truth and well-being.
o Virtues as golden mean between two extremes a balance:
good, moral behaviour is the moderation between two
extremes. This will lead to a life with eudaimonie →
• Aristotle: Eudaimonia
From hedonism to eudaimonia
o a condition of meaning and self-realization
o of flourishing and completeness
o of enduring joy
o innate in every person: recognizing an cultivating our innate potential can lead to
happiness
o The main difference between hedonia and eudaimonia is that certain goals or
objectives in life may produce positive emotions (hedonism), but they are not
necessarily also meaningful or worthwile (eudaimonia, more about pleasure
attainment).
o Virtue theory of happiness holds that the cultivation and development of certain
virtues lead a person toward the greatest well-being and, therefore, toward the good
life
• The epicureans: the school of Epicureanism, which asserts that happiness is best achieved by
withdrawing from the world of politics to cultivate a quiet existence of simple pleasure
, • The Stoics: stoic school by Zeno. Stoics taught that material wealth, happiness, love and
admiration all were subject to change and therefore a person must not base his or her well-
being on these ephemera.
• Christianity
o Way to happiness is to be found in the message of the life of Jesus: love and
compassion
o Virtue theory in the middle ages: struggle between spirit and flesh → true happiness
was delayed until after death and the resurrection into heaven
o There was however the idea of an internal battle, people had a hard time to be good,
so to give them more advice at hand how to live the good life the church gave a
doctrine → Seven deadly sins that can lead to a host of other sins: anger, envy, sloth,
pride, lust, intemperance, greed
Four cardinal virtues → list of behaviours that lead to virtuous behavior and the
abandonment of sins: fortitude, justice, prudence and temperance
Moses Maimonides (1138-1204): Jewish religious leader, philosopher and physician in Egypt,
admired by Christians and Muslims for his medical ability and wisdom. He emphasized the role of
positive and negative emotions affecting health.
• Renaissance (1400-1600)
Value of independent thought
o Creativity and the rise of the artist: artist possess a special gift (that others lacked);
the rise of individualism, they showed their personal vision through their art (this
was not allowed in the middle ages)
o The rise of science (end of 17th century)
▪ Idea: rational persons can decide for themselves what is true
▪ Tools to seek truth: logic, objectivity and empiriscism
▪ Empiricism = belief that valid knowledge is constructed from experience
derived from the five senses
▪ The second idea what that the ‘’universe as a whole is one vast machine, a
kind of cosmic clockwork, and that all items parts and processes are likewise
governed by the inexorable law s of mechanical causation. This philosophy
became know as mechanisme, and it was applied equally to events in nature
and to human psychology
o The rising importange of the social world (18th and 19th century)
▪ Utilitarianism: happiness for all people is the ultimatie aim of all human
actions and the standard by which actions should be evaluated as right or
wrong
▪ Hedonic calculus: Jeremy Bentham: possible to quantify happiness by
examining the ratio of positive to negative experiences in one’s life.
Interstingly, this idea has received attention again recently in the work of
barbara fredrickson; in form of the positivity/negativity ratio (we’ll come
back to this later). Limitations of the hedonic calculus is that it poses equal
value on each pleasurable experience, and does not take into account the
quality of the pleasure.
o The rise of democracy
▪ Some people believed that the prevailing political power structure could be
at odds with the welfare of the individual and that when these two
conflicted, members of society had the right to overthrow the state and put
in its place a system more conducive to individual liberty.
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