Lecture 1a: Systematic program planning: conceptual overview (11)
Focus on overall principles and theories.
Health and wellbeing are closely related. People in low SES will have a less good health. People with a
good health will also have a good quality of life.
Intervention: any sort of activity to intervene in a situation (f.e. to promote someone’s health)
Program: series of planned action intentional and dedicated
Project: time-limited set of action for a year to investigate if it has a good effect
Service: dedicated organization, that provides programs and projects that provide services
Policy: high-level, overall plan (typically developed by governments)
Interventions are ways to achieve policy goals (promote health elderly people). Policies are a specific
subtype of interventions (home care put in a program to keep older people in touch with younger
people).
How to decide on a response? How to promote/address a particular health issue?
Expertise & experience of professionals
Best practice approach: shared information/knowledge within and amongst professionals
Evidence-based approach: approach in which we know interventions will work
Evidence based practice: drawing on someone’s clinal experience, patient preference and research
evidence.
Issues to take to account to develop interventions:
Local resources and constraints contact tracing for coronavirus
Political and social concerns close schools for a time even though there may be evidence that
children play a small role in the spread of the virus
Collaborative planning process
Importance of planning: ‘Good health promotion programs are not created by chance; they are the
product of coordinated effort and are usually based on a systematic planning model or approach.’
The importance of planning is because it can contribute to the efficacy of interventions and policies.
The power of planning. Four reasons why planning is important (David Hunnicutt):
1) Planning forces you to think through the details in advance you much more likely to come up
with a program that works
2) Planning makes your program transparent possibility for others to critically reflect on the
program to make it better if needed
3) Planning is empowering
4) Planning creates alignment important to involve many different stakeholders
1
, LECTURES INTERVENTIONS & POLICIES 1
Planning approaches:
Logic model/ log frame
First attempt to clarify the link between program (activities, inputs) and outcomes (intermediate
outcomes and impacts). Depict which program activities (smoke prevention programs in school)
result in which outcome.
Descriptive – visual representation, list of components.
Theory of change
Strong focus on outcomes and how to achieve these. High-level depiction of complex processes of
change. Explanatory – pathway of change, critical thinking (not listing some things up).
Theory of change and logic models are often intertwined.
PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM)
PRECEDE: Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation
PROCEED: Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental
Development
First overarching specification of a systematic approach to health promotion and social policy and
intervention program development. It distinguishes 2 streams of work:
Top of the model: processes and phases related to the development of an intervention or policy
Bottom of the model: processes and phases related to implementing and evaluating policies and
interventions once they have been developed
Health is related to the quality of life.
The model takes an ecological view of health and well-being: not only focus on biological factors
(genetics) but also (health) behaviours and the importance of the environment.
Phase 3: 3 types of factors that influences someone’s behavior:
Predisposing factors: what people bring to the table themselves (knowledge, attitudes)
Reinforcing factors: social environments (social nroms)
Enabling factors: the barriers and facilities in our social and physical environment (skills, healthy
shops far away)
Phase 4: interventions. health programs can be more educational to inform/train people or they can
be more policy regulation type (change the price of healthy food).
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