Dit document bevat alle aantekeningen van de colleges Sustainable Tourism gegeven tijdens de minor Responsible Travel in jaar 4 van de studie Tourism Management aan Hogeschool Inholland.
Learning Goals
The student is able to provide an overview of recent developments in sustainable
development and sustainable tourism.
The student is able to explain, compare and apply theories and practices
regarding sustainability, sustainable tourism and Corporate Social Responsibility.
The student is able to explain, compare and apply theories about poverty-
reduction, community based tourism and pro-poor tourism.
The student is able to explain how marketing activities have an impact on sustainability in
tourism.
The student is able to explain the role of voluntourism and its challenges in developing
countries.
The student can critically reflect upon the challenges, possibilities and effects of several
initiatives and developments taking place in the field of sustainable tourism, which are
presented during the guest lectures and movie.
September 4th – Lecture 1; Introduction sustainable tourism and
corporate social responsibility
Sustainable Tourism
Definition by World Tourism Organisation (1998): Sustainable tourism development;
meets the needs of present tourists and the host-regions while protecting and enhancing
opportunities for the future. Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management
of all resources in such way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled
while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity
and life support systems.
Sustainable Development
First report where they talk about sustainable development = our common future by
Brundtland report (1987). Definition of Sustainable Development: “Development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs”
Economic growth, effective international cooperation, strategic long-term planning and
maintenance of the resource and productivity base beyond institutional and national
concerns.
Sustainable Tourism Development
Outcome of 1992 UN conference on Environment and Development, Rio Earth Summit:
Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry (1997).
“Tourism as a model form of economic development that should improve the quality of
life of the host community, provide a high quality of experience for the visitor, and
maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the
visitor depend.”
Challenges in Sustainable Tourism
1
,Sustainable tourism requires:
— Long-term thinking
— Planning for transitions
— Transparency and accountability
— Creating demand of consumers
— Government’s role
Sustainable tourism development – History – views on tourism in Third
World
1950-1960s
— New independent governments embraced tourism as a mean of internationalising
their economies and earning income
— Resort-style development
— Incentives provided to encourage foreign investment in tourism
— Limited examples of third world governments which rejected tourism or control
the spread of tourism impacts (Bhutan)
1970 to mid. 1980’s
— Tourism became the leading economic sector in many developing countries
— Concern from some governments about the rapid, unplanned growth of tourism,
the development of tourist ghettos and negative social and environmental impacts
— Most governments favored luxury tourism development
— Little attention paid to the needs and interests of people at the destination
— Growth of NGOs and people’s organizations
1980 - late 1990s
— Many governments sought to increase tourist arrivals to pay off foreign debts
— Small number of governments opted for alternative models of tourism
development, such as nature tourism
— Efforts to ‘clean up’ forms of tourism seen as less desirable, such as sex tourism
— Continued monitoring and lobbying by anti-tourism groups
— Recognition among NGOs that tourism could be a strategy for community
development
2000+
— Growth of middle classes in developing countries
— Greater development in niche markets for environmentally and ethically
responsible tourism
— Increasing conflicts between environmentalists and poverty-stricken indigenous
people who rely on natural resources for their livelihood needs
— Increasing recognition of the marketability of culture
— Lobby groups skeptical of mainstream support for alternative forms of tourism
Community based tourism
— Maximizing profits for investors is not the main focus
— Attention for impact of tourism on community and environmental resources
— Emerges from a community development strategy (tourism as a tool!)
(Academic) Definition: “CBT is tourism that takes environmental, social and cultural
sustainability into account. It is managed and owned by the community, for the
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,community, with the purpose of enabling visitors to increase the awareness and learn
about the community and local ways of life”
(Practioners) Definition [Goodwin and Santilli, 2009]:
— Benefits for individuals or households in the community
— Collective benefits (roads, schools etc.)
— Conservation initiatives with community and collective benefits
— Joint ventures with community and/or collective benefits
— Private sector initiatives with community benefits
— Community enterprise with a broader co-operative
— Private sector development within a community owned reserve
— Product networks for marketing tourism in a local area
Practitioners definition it is or/or not and/and
Exercise about impact Hokjesschema verdeling met soorten impact.
A= is cultural because there is not a certain law of how many noise there could be, if it is
more an ethical question than it would be human rights. Because it is noise in an all-
inclusive complex it is in conflict with the local culture so that’s why it has an impact on
the culture.
E= is cultural because it has a positive economic impact but a negative impact on the
culture because it has nothing to do with representing the local culture of being in bars
R=
T=
Y = is cultural because local people don’t have room in the tourist busses. The tourists
are a burden for the local people.
Natural resources and biodiversity are both under the category of environmental impacts.
Impact Levels
Economic Impact, Environmental Impact, Social Impact and Cultural impact.
Economic impact: positive
— Stimulates local production
— Generates investment in new businesses
— Contributes to household income
— Expands an economy’s export base
— Assists in development in remote areas
— Good employer for women and disadvantaged groups
— Offers additional livelihood opportunities for local communities
Economic impact: negative
— Increases prices and shortages of goods and services
— Increases price of land and housing beyond local affordability
— Increases costs of living/property taxes
— Can increase economic vulnerability of an area
— Decline of other industries as resources flow into tourism industry
— Can lead to reduced public expenditure on essential community services
Environmental impact: positive
3
, — Be relatively ‘clean’ industry
— Foster conservation and preservation of natural resources
— Encourage community revitalisation and beautification
— Raise revenues for establishing administrative and planning controls to maintain
quality of environment
Environmental impact: negative
— Has a substantial carbon footprint
— Adverse effects on water quantity, quality and use, air quality
— Waste production
— Scenery degradations and degraded quality of natural sites
— Introduction of non-native species, toxins and pollutants
— Habitat destruction, direct impact on individual wildlife
Social impact: positive
— Can lead to removal of social or national prejudices
— Can promote better understanding and positive social change
— May encourage civic involvement and local pride in a destination
— Can play a supportive force of peace
— Foster price in cultural traditions
— Improve quality of life of locals
— Improves quality of police protection
Social
impact: negative
— Increased prostitution, drug taking and crime
— Increasingly hectic community and personal life
— Seasonal nature of tourism promotes immigrant workforce and attendant social
problems
— Competition and conflict between tourists and residents for available services
— Tourists can fair to respect local customs and moral values
— Visitor behaviour may be perceived to ‘intrusive’ by locals
Cultural impact: positive
— Facilitates intercultural understanding and global communication
— Promotes cultural exchange
— Preserves cultural identity of host population
— Increases demand for historical and cultural exhibits
— Leads to the preservation and revitalisation of local ethnic and cultural identity
— Improves understanding and image of different communities and cultures
Cultural impact: Negative
— Commodification
— Commercialization and bastardisation
— Standardization
— Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity
— Cultural deterioration
Corporate social responsibility (Maatschappelijk Verantwoord
Ondernemen)
Early definition (Bowen, 1953): Obligation of businessmen to pursue those politics, to
make those decisions, or follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the
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