BIO13 (BIO13)

This document is about sensation and movement including topics such as: stimulus, sensory reception, sensory transduction, signal transduction pathway, sensory adaptation, human ear, vertebrate eye, muscle organisation, contraction muscle fibers, sarcomeres, myosin and actin, action potential, muscle structure, Ca2+ ions, T-tubule, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sliding filament model, etc.

This document contains notes on: humoral response, antigen receptors, plasma cells, cytotoxic T-cells, cell-mediated response, B-cells, innate and adaptive immunity, phagocytosis, lymphocytes, clonal selection, memory cells, leukocytes, mast cells, helper T-cells, macrophages, MHC proteins, etc.

This document includes notes on: body symmetry, asymmetry, embryonic germ layers, diploblasts and triploblasts, coelom, protostome and deuterostome, embryonic cleavage, early embryonic development, gastrulation, organogenesis, somites, cortical reaction, notochord, etc.

This document includes notes on: female reproductive system, male reproductive system, gonads, embryonic development, estrogen, puberty, secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle, contraception methods, gametogenesis, corpus luteum, etc.

This document includes: kidneys, water conservation, osmolarity, ADH, aldosterone, nephron, urine, passive and active transport, loop of Henle, collecting duct, filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion, etc.

This document includes: open and closed system, double circulation, pulmonary and systemic, oxygenated blood, the human heart, vena cava, cardiac cycle, diastole and systole, atrioventricular valves, semi-lunar valves, sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, fish gills, cellular respiration, hemoglobin, cooperative binding, the bohr shift, respiratory system, etc.

This document includes: stomach and its secretion, functions digestive system, digestion carbohydrates, digestion proteins, digestion nucleic acids, digestion lipids, absorption fats from small intestine, hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances, hormones, vitamins, etc.

Topics included in the document 'Chapter 24 Species and Speciation': biological species, morphological species, phylogenetic species, prezygotic and postzygotic barriers, genetic drift, allopatric speciation, adaptive radiation, etc.