CMY3709
EXAM PACK
2023
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
FOR ANY HELP:
EMAIL:
, 1. Discuss three types of surveys.
2. Discuss the advantages and drawbacks of surveys.
3. Explain in detail the four levels of measurement of empirical data supported by examples.
4. Distinguish between the premises of rationalism and empiricism in the 17th and 18th
centuries.
5. Explain external validity as a methodological requirement in research by giving examples.
6. Explain the most important perspectives in the philosophy of science.
7. Identify three measures of central tendency.
8. Distinguish between the two types of hypotheses by giving examples.
9. Main differences between open-ended & unstructured and closed & structured questions,
supported by examples.
10. Explain the unit of analysis in the research process and provide examples.
11. Discuss the methodological guidelines in report writing.
Notes:
SU 1.1 - Science and scientific Research
- Elucidate science and research from three levels: the scientific-philosophical, the research-
methodological, and the research-technological.
Philosophy of Science Research Methodology
REFLECTION ON
SCIENCE AND
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Research Technology
FIGURE.1.1: Perspectives from which we reflect on science and scientific research.
- Philosophy of Science: This is about the presumptions, principles, practices, and implications
of science.
, - Research Methodology: This involves two issues: choices made during the research process,
and the way or style of conducting the research. The study of scientific procedures is
frequently referred to as "methodology." We prefer the term "research methodology,"
which has the above-described definition.
- Research Technology: This refers to the strategies and tools a scientist uses during the data
collection and analysis phases of a research.
Science is a structured body of knowledge that is ordered rationally to create a whole. It may be said
that it is the result of the scientist's pursuit of knowledge and comprehension. Though not all
knowledge is science, science is knowledge. The distinction rests in the characteristics of scientific
knowledge that distinguish it from everyday (common) or prescientific understanding.
Two types of science:
1. Natural science – inanimate/inorganic nature (physical and chemical substances),
animate/organic nature (animal and plant kingdoms).
2. Human science - social sciences, behavioural sciences, cultural sciences.
Research can either be basic or applied.
1. Basic research – The primary aim is to acquire new knowledge. Consists of research projects
carried out with the main objective of learning new facts and insights on a specific subject.
Theoretical research or logical thinking exercises can be used in this kind of study. Empirical
studies or practical acts are two ways that this kind of research might be conducted.
2. Applied research – The primary aim is to solve a problem (or take steps for prevention). It
has a particular practical application because its primary goal is problem-solving. Applies
research studies may also be of a theoretical or empirical nature.
--> An important principle to note is that the difference between basic research and applied research
lies in the aim of the investigation.
SU 1.2 - Philosophy of science
- To be objective, scientists avoid making value judgments, and they follow research
procedures and specific techniques:
a) Value-free
b) Paradigm – the collection of beliefs and concepts, which is a set of theories, assumptions,
and ideas that contribute to your worldview or create the framework from which you
operate every day. For example, you've probably heard the phrase 'the American way of
life,' which is a paradigm because it refers to a collection of beliefs and ideas about what it
means to be American. For people who find this paradigm very important, it may serve as
the foundation of how they view or interact with the world around them. This emphasizes
one of the most important purposes of a paradigm, which is that it is comprised of beliefs
and ideas that form a framework to approach and engage with other things or people.
c) Deterministic system - Positivism is a philosophical theory from the 19th century that posits
that actual knowledge of the social sciences is that which has been proven through data,
EXAM PACK
2023
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
FOR ANY HELP:
EMAIL:
, 1. Discuss three types of surveys.
2. Discuss the advantages and drawbacks of surveys.
3. Explain in detail the four levels of measurement of empirical data supported by examples.
4. Distinguish between the premises of rationalism and empiricism in the 17th and 18th
centuries.
5. Explain external validity as a methodological requirement in research by giving examples.
6. Explain the most important perspectives in the philosophy of science.
7. Identify three measures of central tendency.
8. Distinguish between the two types of hypotheses by giving examples.
9. Main differences between open-ended & unstructured and closed & structured questions,
supported by examples.
10. Explain the unit of analysis in the research process and provide examples.
11. Discuss the methodological guidelines in report writing.
Notes:
SU 1.1 - Science and scientific Research
- Elucidate science and research from three levels: the scientific-philosophical, the research-
methodological, and the research-technological.
Philosophy of Science Research Methodology
REFLECTION ON
SCIENCE AND
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Research Technology
FIGURE.1.1: Perspectives from which we reflect on science and scientific research.
- Philosophy of Science: This is about the presumptions, principles, practices, and implications
of science.
, - Research Methodology: This involves two issues: choices made during the research process,
and the way or style of conducting the research. The study of scientific procedures is
frequently referred to as "methodology." We prefer the term "research methodology,"
which has the above-described definition.
- Research Technology: This refers to the strategies and tools a scientist uses during the data
collection and analysis phases of a research.
Science is a structured body of knowledge that is ordered rationally to create a whole. It may be said
that it is the result of the scientist's pursuit of knowledge and comprehension. Though not all
knowledge is science, science is knowledge. The distinction rests in the characteristics of scientific
knowledge that distinguish it from everyday (common) or prescientific understanding.
Two types of science:
1. Natural science – inanimate/inorganic nature (physical and chemical substances),
animate/organic nature (animal and plant kingdoms).
2. Human science - social sciences, behavioural sciences, cultural sciences.
Research can either be basic or applied.
1. Basic research – The primary aim is to acquire new knowledge. Consists of research projects
carried out with the main objective of learning new facts and insights on a specific subject.
Theoretical research or logical thinking exercises can be used in this kind of study. Empirical
studies or practical acts are two ways that this kind of research might be conducted.
2. Applied research – The primary aim is to solve a problem (or take steps for prevention). It
has a particular practical application because its primary goal is problem-solving. Applies
research studies may also be of a theoretical or empirical nature.
--> An important principle to note is that the difference between basic research and applied research
lies in the aim of the investigation.
SU 1.2 - Philosophy of science
- To be objective, scientists avoid making value judgments, and they follow research
procedures and specific techniques:
a) Value-free
b) Paradigm – the collection of beliefs and concepts, which is a set of theories, assumptions,
and ideas that contribute to your worldview or create the framework from which you
operate every day. For example, you've probably heard the phrase 'the American way of
life,' which is a paradigm because it refers to a collection of beliefs and ideas about what it
means to be American. For people who find this paradigm very important, it may serve as
the foundation of how they view or interact with the world around them. This emphasizes
one of the most important purposes of a paradigm, which is that it is comprised of beliefs
and ideas that form a framework to approach and engage with other things or people.
c) Deterministic system - Positivism is a philosophical theory from the 19th century that posits
that actual knowledge of the social sciences is that which has been proven through data,
