HUBS 1406 Exam Prep 2024

HUBS 1406 Exam Prep 2024 A critically ill patient in hospital who requires fluid replacement is given a large infusion of hypertonic saline by mistake. What would be the likely result of this? -Answer- Hypertonic saline would cause water to move out of the patient's cells into the blood, resulting in cell shrinkage. If this occurred in the brain, then brain function would be compromised. A menopausal woman who eats a well-balanced diet with adequate vitamins and minerals is showing signs of mild osteoporosis. Which of the following changes is likely to be the most beneficial in terms of reversing this? -Answer-An exercise regime of daily walking/jogging, to increase stress on the bones A patient has suffered central nervous system damage after a car accident. This could mean that there was direct damage to: -Answer-the brain and/or the spinal cord Anxiety disorders are becoming increasingly common in our society, and may also be helping to increase the incidence of a number of other illnesses such as heart disease, infections and cancer. What is the most likely link between anxiety and these other diseases? -Answer-An anxious state of mind results in an increase in the release of the stress hormone cortisol. This hormone also suppresses immune function, leaving an individual more vulnerable to infections and cancers. Body fluids such as blood and intracellular fluid have their pH strictly controlled. There are some body fluids, however, that are acidic. In which of the following locations would you expect to find strongly acidic fluids and what would the purpose be ? -Answer-the stomach, to destroy incoming organisms If a person does some very intense exercise, what is likely to happen to the acidity of their blood? -Answer-The pH will go down slightly, meaning the fluids are more acidic Patricia is suffering from emphysema which is limiting gas transfer in her lungs. Her arterial oxygen is low and her arterial carbon dioxide is high. However, the acidity of her arterial blood is still within normal limits. What is Patricia's body doing to keep the pH within normal limits? -Answer-Patricia's kidneys will be excreting more acid to compensate for the high arterial carbon dioxide level. People who suffer from asthma attacks are sometimes taught to breathe out through a small tube while they are having an attack. What good would this do? -Answer-The narrow tube would cause the air pressure inside the airways to increase, preventing the collapse of small airways during expiration. Premature babies may deveop great difficulty breathing immediately after birth, and have to make huge efforts to breathe - a condition known as infant respiratory distress syndrome. If this occurred, they would be given a particular drug via a breathing tube. What would this drug do? -Answer-It would reduce the surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs, allowing the babies to inflate their lungs more easily Soft bones (osteomalacia) and rickets can be a problem in people who keep their entire skin surface covered most of the time, for example, muslim women who wear a burka. Why would this be? -Answer-Bones rely on their calcium content to make them hard, and calcium absorption into the body is dependent on the active form of vitamin D. Vitamin D is converted to an active form by the action of sunlight on the skin. If the skin does not get any sunlight on it, then this process will not occur, and bones will become soft