European Union
Governance in an
International
Context
EUGIC summary
, Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
Week 1: Course Immersion Week 3
Material posted on Canvas 3
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 1 — Introduction 4
Week 2: Introduction and Historical Process of European Integration 6
Lecture 2 & 3: History of European Integration 6
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 2 — e EU: establishment and development 9
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 3 — From the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon and Beyond 11
Week 3: eories of Integration and Institutions of the EU 14
Lecture 4: eories of Integration 14
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 4 — Neo-functionalism 17
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 5 — Intergovernmentalism 18
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 7 — Governance in the European Union 20
Lecture 5: e Institutions of the EU 21
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 10 — e European Commission 26
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 11 — e European Council and the Council of the European Union 27
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 13 — e Court of Justice of the European Union 29
Week 4: Decision-making in the EU & Economic and Monetary Union 31
Lecture 6: Decision-making in the EU 31
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 9 — Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union 33
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 12 — e European Parliament 34
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 16 — Policy-making in the European Union 36
Lecture 7: Economic and Monetary Union 37
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 20 — e Single Market 39
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 23 — Economic and Monetary Union 41
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 26 — e Euro Crisis and European Integration 42
Week 5: Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, EU Migration Policies & External Relations 44
Lecture 8: Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, EU Migration Policies 44
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 22 — e Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 45
Sandra Lavenex & Wolfgang Wagner (2007) ‘Which European Public Order? Sources of Imbalance
in the European Area of Freedom, Security and Justice’, European Security, 16:3-4, 225-243 46
Lecture 9: External Relations of the EU (trade) & Foreign-, Security- and Defence Policy 47
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 17 — Trade and Development Policies 50
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 19 — e European Union’s Foreign, Security and Defense Policies 51
Week 6: Enlargement of the EU and Withdrawal from the EU 53
Lecture 10: Enlargement of the European Union 53
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 18 — Enlargement 55
Tanja A. Börzel, Antoaneta Dimitrova & Frank Schimmelfennig (2017) ‘European Union
enlargement and integration capacity: concepts, ndings, and policy implications’, Journal of
European Public Policy, 24(2), 157-176 56
Lecture 11: Withdrawal from the European Union: Brexit 57
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 27 — Brexit 60
estions & Answers 62
EUGIC summary
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, Week 1: Course Immersion Week
Material posted on Canvas
e following visionary leaders inspired the creation of the European Union we live in
today. Without their energy and motivation, we would not be living in the sphere of peace
and stability that we take for granted.
1. Konrad Adenauer => rst chancellor of Germany from 1949, who signed a treaty of
friendship in 1963 with France: one of the rst milestones towards European
integration
2. Joseph Bech => Luxembourgish politician that set up the ECSC and helped the Benelux.
3. Johan Willem Beyen => Dutch politician breathed new life into process of European
integration; one of the Founding Fathers of the EU.
4. Winston Churchill => called for a United States of Europe a er WW2
5. Nicole Fontaine => second European Parliament’s female president who oversaw the
adoption of the Euro
6. Alcide De Gaspiri => Italian Prime Minister and Minister of foreign a airs a er 1945,
and helped ties with western European countries.
7. Walter Hallstein => rst president of the European Commission from 1958.
8. Ursula Hirschmann => co-authored the Ventotene Manifesto for a free and united
Europe
9. Nilde Io i => one of the longest serving presidents of Italia.
10. Marga Klompé => negotiator of the UNUDHR, rst female member of ECSC and
contributed to the Treaties of Rome.
11. Anna Lindh => her diplomacy helped to avert war in Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
and led the Swedish government’s campaign in the referendum to join the euro in 2003
12. Helmut Kohl & François Mi errand => extraordinary work on European integration
and supporting enlargement of the EU
13. Sicco Mansholt => Dutch farmer who laid the basis for the Common Agricultural Policy
of the EU.
14. Jean Monnet => unifying force behind the birth of the EU; inspiration behind Schuman
Plan
15. Robert Schuman => one of the founding fathers who proposed joint control on coal and
steel production.
16. Paul-Henri Spaak => leading gure in Treaty of Rome
17. Altiero Spinelli => leading gure behind Spinelli Plan; Treaty on a federal EU.
18. Simone Veil => rst female President of the EP
19. Louise Weiss => dedicated to European values and women’s rights.
e history of the EU:
In the beginning, the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) united European
countries to prevent frequent wars. During the Cold War, the Treaty of Rome created the
EEC (European Economic Community)/“Common market”. A er this, the economy grew
and there were less custom duties and more joint control over food production. Between
1970 and 1975, the UK, Ireland and Denmark joined the member states. e EU began to
ght pollutions by new laws and there were investments to create jobs and infrastructure
in poorer areas. Greece, Spain and Portugal become member from 1980 onwards, in 1986
the Single European Act is signed; the treaty which is a six-year program aimed at sorting
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, out the problems with the free ow of trades across EU borders. In 1990, East and West
Germany are united. In 1993, the single market is completed with four freedoms. e
Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty are also in this era. Austria, Finland and Sweden
join, and the Schengen-area is xed. A er 2002, the Euro is now the currency for many
europeans, 12 countries enter the EU, there is a nancial crisis and the Treaty of Lisbon is
rati ed. From 2010 onwards, there is a Banking Union, Croatia becomes the 28th member of
the EU and climate change is more important. ere is unrest in Ukraine and many
countries have refugees that go to the EU. A er 2020, COVID19 is a big part of health
emergency and economic slowdown. e UK leaves the EU a er 47 years of membership.
How does the EU work?
e EU is a very complex system: “who do I call when I want to call Europe?” A Secretary
of State from the US once asked. e EU is a political and economic union of 28 countries.
A er WW1 and 2, there were a lot of deaths and economic disaster. 8 countries cooperated
into the EEC, the idea was that economic cooperation made con ict more di cult. Now, the
EU is about climate, security etc. In 1993, the EU became what it is.
Important is that there is no one leader, but the power is spread across seven di erent
institutions. e three main ones are the European Commission, the European Parliament
and the Council of the European Union. e EC is the executive body that proposed new
laws: every member state have their own commissioner bound to represent the EU instead
of their home country. ey all have their speci c portfolio, based in Brussels.
e EP is based in Brussels, but also in Strasbourg where they meet 12 times per year. Here
they vote in favor or against laws, with 751 members from 28 countries. is has gone
down to 705 with the Brexit. is is the only body that directly represents European
citizens.
e Council of the EU are the ministers from the di erent EU member states. ey have
similar roles/portfolios. ey meet to adopt and amend laws. is and the EP are the main
decision making bodies of the EU. ere is also a European Council: this is only the heads
of state that meet.
Other important factors are the ECJ (Luxembourg, controls whether EU law is interpreted
the same way across the EU), CoA (Luxembourg, the CFO, looking a er the community
budget) and ECB (Frankfurt, monetary policy in the Eurozone; the 19 countries that use the
Euro).
is system is o en criticized for its bureaucracy and transparency. However, it has
achieved its main aim for 60 years.
Cini et al., 2019: Chapter 1 — Introduction
Historically, the EU has been established due to two reasons: as a consequence of the
negative experiences of the six founding member states during and a er WW2;
maintaining peace was priority number 1. But also in order to maintain peace, Western
Europe had to get back on its feet economically. e concept of security has however
broadened itself through the years: security was one of the key roles of the EU in the
beginning, however because of the Cold War and 9/11, security threats were seen as
internal and external, multi-dimensional and less predictable. Nowadays also climate
change, the rise of non-Western economies, challenging relations with Russia, instability in
the Middle East are seen as challenges for the EU.
Since 2008, the EU has been experiencing several crises: an economic crisis, refugee/
migration/border crisis, crisis of populism, Brexit and COVID-19 of course. Common heard
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