This is a summary from the lectures of the course Brain and Cognition 2, given in the second year of the bachelor Psychology.
Dit is een samenvatting van de colleges van het van Brein en cogntitie 2, gegeven in het tweede bachelor jaar van de studie Psychologie.
The summary is written in eng...
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Clinical Neuropsychology
What is clinical neuropsychology?
Relations between brain and behaviour are studied. Behaviour must be seen as clear observable
aspects of behaviour, but also subjectively aspects of behaviour.
➔ Objectively & subjectively
Neuroimaging changed the development of clinical neuropsychology (middle of 19th century). Before
neuroimaging people thought that the location of brain fields responsible for special tasks where not
ordered. Which is clearly not true as the brain can be divided in four lobes with different functions.
Development theories of brain-behaviour relationships were the first step to do research in
neuropsychology.
Organicity also starts to play a role -> when a disfunction is discovered it could be caused by the
disfunction of the organ. So they started to question whether the brain was damaged.
Clinical neuropsychology has become highly relevant in modern-day (mental) health care. The major
reason therefor is that the number of people with brain dysfunction or damage increased. This
number increased because:
- Improvement of medical care
- Aging (we live longer through improvement of medical care)
- More interest in quality of live (more care seems more important to society)
There is more interest on brain dysfunction because the brain seems ‘fancy’.
➔ Neuropsychologists do not study the brain
Clinical neuropsychologists work with all age groups. Clinical neuropsychologists work in a wide range
of clinical setting. E.g. general and university hospitals, specialized neurologic clinics, mental health
care, specialized psychiatric clinics, rehabilitation centres, schools, …
➔ Medical setting
Clinical neuropsychology is multidisciplinary. One is working hand in hand with neurologists,
neurophysiologists, neurosurgeon, neuroradiologist, psychiatrist and rehabilitation physician.
ICF the international classification of functioning, helps to describe the condition of the patient.
(WHO, 2001) ICF is useful because:
- Description of consequences of brain disease/ disorder at three different levels: impairment
– limitation – restriction (‘’handicap’’)
- Identify moderating factors (these factors are individually different)
- Relevant for understanding subjective complaints and problems in daily life (school – work –
social function)
- Identify target for treatment or optimalisation
,Assessment
Bio-psycho-social model
➔ Testing hypothesis
- Multi informed
- Multi method
- Multi conceptual
Use of a diagnostic cycle: analyse complaints, problems, cause and then medication to find the right
indication for treatment.
The assessment is really diverse. One has to have a lot knowledge about a lot of different aspects of
the patient.
,Lecture 2 – Memory disorders: Amnestic syndrome, Korsakoff’s syndrome and other alcohol-
related cognitive disorders
Recap: memory systems
Memory: is the ability to encode information, to store it and to retrieve it.
Working memory and long-term memory
Memory is not a unitary system. there are different systems. Declarative memory you can
consciously access. Non declarative memory not. Episodic memory = what where & when. And
semantic memory = working memory.
The whole brain is involved in human memory. Prefrontal cortex: online representation. Working
memory. Hippocampus: most likely memorized as the human memory structure. Long time storage
and representation. Parietal cortex: long term storage.
Still very influential today. The model differs from the
etkinson model. Because this model states that different
processes can occur parallel. It also presents a storage.
Namely the short-term memory. The executive part of
working memory is more important in this model.
Working memory has a limited duration. Once the
information is no longer active it is no longer in wm.
, Binding and consolidation
How does the transition from working memory to long term-memory works?
Our brain wants to evolve an so called episode. In order to create an episode our brain tries to
combine certain aspects. If we are doing an activity for example and later think back we don’t recall
the individual aspects of the situation but we recall the event as a whole. We are able to disentangle
the single components of the event but when we recall a certain situation we recall the event as a
whole.
Consolidation
After memories have been bound ‘consolidation’ has to take place. There are two theories:
The standard consolidation model states that the
hippocampus is no longer involved in permanent
memories.
The Multiple Trace Theory states that the
hippocampus is always needed when in
formation is retrieved.
The medial temporal lobe
The case H.M.
Impaired and spared memory functions
Other alcohol-related cognitive disorders
Assessment of memory (dys)function
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