A detailed, in-depth summary of chapter 18 of the book Politics by Andrew Heywood. The summary includes all terms and definitions and is sufficient scope for an exam. This book is often used for first-year political science courses.
CHAPTER 18 – SECUTIRY: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL
- How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence free from threats?
- Because of police and military
- Now also human security → economic, food and personal security
SECURITY BEYOND BOUNDARIES?
- Security – absence of danger, fear or anxiety
- Inside – the capacity to maintain order within state borders
- Outside – capacity of the state to provide protection from beyond its borders, ability
to fight
- Security → the condition of being safe from harm or threats, usually understood as
‘freedom from fear’, implying physical harm
- Order → stable and predictable forms of behaviour and, to those that safeguard
personal security
- The division between inside and outside security is hard to sustain due to
globalization
o Example: terrorist attack on 9/11
- The war of terror → efforts by the US and its key allies to root out and destroy the
groups and forced deemed to be responsible for global terrorism
DOMESTIC SECURITY
The police and politics
- Police force lies in the heart of coercive state, maintains domestic order
- Contrary to the military police is present in our everyday life and is more closely
integrated into society
o Usually unarmed (UK) or have self-defence arms
- Crime → breach of criminal law, which is law that establishes the relationship
between the state and the individual
- 3 contrasting approaches to the nature of policing
o 1. Liberal perspective – police is neutral, the purpose is to maintain domestic
order through the protection of individual rights and liberties
▪ Protecting citizens
o 2. Conservative perspective – preserving the authority of the state
▪ Pessimistic view
o 3. Radical perspective → critical view of police power – tool of oppression
▪ Marxist version = defenders of property
Role of the police
- To ‘fight crime’
- Differs from different parts of the world (rural India vs New York)
- Civil policing → the role of the police in the enforcement of criminal law
o Traditional in Japan
o Citizens accepting their lives will be closely monitored
, - Community policing → constant police presence in the community seeks to build
trust and cooperation with the public
- Broken windows theory → theory that minor offences (broken windows) that are not
speedily delt with advertise that an area is not cared for and so lead to more, and
more serious offences
- Policing can be political in 2 senses
o 1. Policing can be carried out in accordance with political biases or social
prejudices that favour certain groups of interests over others
▪ Raised by radicals and socialists
o 2. Policing may extend beyond civil matters and impact on specifically political
disputes
- Institutional racism → form of racism that operates through the culture or
procedural rules of an organization, as distinct from personal prejudice
- Civil liberty → private sphere of existence that belongs to the citizen, not the state
(negative rights)
- Level of political policing has increased as societies have become more complex and
fragmented
o Particularly seen during strikes, demonstration and civil unrest
Police states
- Police that operate outside of the legal framework and is accountable to neither
courts or the general public
- Has totalitarian features
- Police state → state that relies on a system of arbitrary and indiscriminate policing in
which civil liberties are routinely abused
o Example: Nazi Germany (Brownshirts), Lenin’s Cheka, but also the CIA, B-
Specialists in Northern Ireland
The military and domestic politics
- 19th century – the military has become a specialized institution separated from the
rest of the society
o Almost for every country – except for Costa Rica (but backed up by US
military)
- 4 factors distinguishing military from other institutions
o 1. Instrument of war – the military has a monopoly on weaponry and coercive
power
o 2. Armed forces are tightly organized and highly disciplined, characterized by
hierarchy and strict obedience
o 3. Distinctive culture and set of values (kill and die)
o 4. Being ‘above’ politics – guarantee the security and integrity of the state,
repository of national interest
- Military differs based on history and traditions of each country
o China – influenced by communist regime
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