In this document you can find the full notes of the 8 week program Management Research Methods. This is from the pre-master / premaster of the EP Management studies (EPMS) program of the Business school of the University of Amsterdam (UVA).
Notes Management Research
Methods 1
Week 1
-The book is for self study and the slides are shorter summaries which are important for the exam.
- The exam is also multiple choice (40 questions) and there are practise assignments that will be
tested in the class. The small tests have 10 questions and do need to be passed. You need 4 of the 5
atleast to be able to do the final exam.
- Questions can be asked during the lecture, on the discussion board or through e-mail.
- The solutions will come online
- The exercises are lowest on the priority list, the test and material for the other week is higher on
the priority list. The test should be made before the next Friday!
- There are two types of variables: Categorical and Numerical. Numerical is expressed in numbers
and Categorical is different sorts within a category for example what fruit did person x eat: apple,
banana or pear.
Under categorical you have:
- Binary (2 possibilities)
- Nominal multiple possibilities
- Ordinal multiple possibilities who go from bad to good (with a certain volgorde)
Under Numerical, this should have a meaning and mostly can have an average, you have:
-Discrete (whole numbers) e.g. amount of students who passed.
- Continuous (entities get a very distinct score) e.g. length.
From high to low the amount of data increases and the reverse can be said for saying something
interesting. You need larger samples with less information.
- Three headlines of data collection
- Is the sample representative? This answer the question of does my sample work on the
population or subject I want to research? E.g. would a IQ test in the EPMS group be
representative for Holland. The missing data is very important here.
- Is the data valid? Has the validity not been compromised and does it test what you
want to test? E.g. changing the definition during the research or is the definition just
wrong to start with will ruin the research. Errors and Mistakes also get roped into here,
that’s why a face validity check is needed.
- Is there Measurement error(s)? The difference between wat the actual value is and the
value we use to represent it. E.g. If you way in at 83 kg on your bathroom scale but you
really weigh 80 kg, the error is 3 kg. - There are two types of measurement errors:
random- and systematic measurement errors. You always look at these errors and ask
yourself can I measure what I want.
- Bias means being wrong on average
, - Describing data:
- location = the average (mean ) and median (the middle number in an organized row)
- Dispersion = how far apart are our measurements. The difference between max and
min is the range. There is also the interquartile range, this measures the upper quartile
(75%) vs the lower Quartile (25%) so it measure the middle 50%.
- Variance = S2 – don’t forget to square everything
- Standard deviation is the square root of variance = S basically.
U can use this in two ways: 1. Create an overview in what to expect in your uncertainty.
2. How reliable are your results or the uncertainties in the data. So a big standard
deviation would require more differences in your results to have a conclusion.
The rules about standard deviation will be back in week 3.
- Other properties: symmetrical is the same on both sides and skew Is the opposite.
Positive/ right skewed starts high ends low.
Negative/left skew start low ends high.
- Mode is the most frequent score
Bimodal means that there are two modes.
Multimodal is having several modes, this will probably mean that you need to separate
the groups.
SPSS
- The type of variable gets recognized immediately but you can change it in ‘’variable
view’’.
- Type: String and Numeric. String is categorical and numeric is ofcourse numeric.
- SPSS will do a final check for you when you’re about to plot.
- Plotting one numerical value gives you two options: Box plot and Histograms (findable
under graphs). U can find this in the output.
- Boxplot: the real box is between Q1 and Q3 and the middle line is Q2 (Median). SPSS will
try to find outliers themselves but don’t trust them with this. The numbers that you see
are not value’s but the number of the column of the ‘outlier’
- U can easily stack graphs.
- Categorical values have the bar and the pie chart. The pie chart gives most attention to
big types and the bar gives attention to most of all.
- There are 3 combinations:
o Numerical vs numerical
o Categorical vs categorical
o Numerical vs categorical
- SPSS is capital letter sensitive
- U can add percentile in the explore analyze fase.
- If you’re looking for something then this value goes into the Y-axis.
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