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Notes class 1/7 Economies of the Modern Middle East Leiden University €5,09
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Notes class 1/7 Economies of the Modern Middle East Leiden University
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These are notes taken in class on the course Economies of the Modern Middle East taught by Dr. CA Ennis. It contains the necessary material for the midterm: week 1/7. These notes are based on what she said + important information from her PowerPoints.

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Document informatie

  • 29 oktober 2023
  • 14
  • 2023/2024
  • College aantekeningen
  • Dr. c.a ennis
  • College 1/7 (blok 1)

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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Political economy of the Middle East


Lesson 1

Remittance = money from expats.

Dates have been a very important economic comodity for the Middle East (famine too).

MENA = Middle East and North Africa
WANA = West Asia North Africa

Late 2010 Human Nations reported the top 10 countries with the fastest improvement of
the world: among these Oman, Tunesia, Saudi Arabia, Morocco.
But a few months later, protest broke up.

1990’s: many countries were in SEVERE debt  but the Arab spring did not happen then.

GDP: how much money is earned and ‘made’ in a country in a year. So basically, an
economic measure on how ‘big’/’strong’ the economy of this country is.

But, GDP does not indicate informal economy, the welfare of a country and the division.

GDP per capita: the money that is being made, devided by the population.
But  this does also not tell you anything about the distribution. It is only an average,
but it is not devided the same for everybody.
Also  it does not tell you anything about the cost of living.

1973= oil embargo

State structure and policy = the state
Structural transformation = f.e. indutrial revolution
Social Actors = f.e. individuals or groups of people (social classes).

There are different definitions of ‘class’, which will be discussed later.

One of the critiques on the triangle of axes = very state-focussed, what about
international levels for example?

Economic typology: RRPL  Resource Rich Labor Poor
Labour = people (not enough (educated) people for work)

Economic typology: RRLA  Resourche Rich Labor Abundant
So enough resources but also a lot of people to devide it over.

Economic typology: RPLA  Resource Poor and Labor Abundant

Economic typology: OECD  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development
 for wealthy developed economies (western european, northern american, japan, south
korea, israel, turkey etc.)

, Dominant paradigms/explanations

-State/civil society paradigm (consider the role of authoritarianism/role of the state)
-State/cass paradigms (considerate the nature of capitalism and religion)



Lesson 2: Economic history and development I

Legacies for development

Differences in patterns of state-building & class-formation in the Ottoman territories,
Europe, and the Indian Ocean world highlight the various institutional legacies for
development.

Legacies for development – Ottoman

Ottoman Empire had a sophisticated set of governing institutions to administer territories
(bureaucracy, professional army, legal codes, educational systems etc.).
 thinking about fragmentation and division (in income/land/power)  are all forms of
maintaining control but also of class-formation.

Legacies: Gulf & Indian Ocean worlds

Tehran, Bombay and Zanzibar were also very important cities to the Gulf.

Earlier centuries: European politics played out in Indian Ocean arena (Portugal, Spain,
Holland).

Main foreign players in the Early 20th century
-Britain
-France

Why were they interested in the ME in the 20th century?
-For Britain: transportation and routes (Suez canal)
-For Britain & France: oil (navies start to use oil instead of coal)
-For Britain & France: The Eastern Question = what after the collapse of the Ottomans?
-For Britain & France: keeping Russia out
-For Britain & France: access to gold, spices, slaves, tea, silk etc.
-For Britain: security of its ‘crown jewel’ India


19th century to Inter-war economy

19th century:


 Factories confined to a few plants.
 Small workshop & handicraft industry
 Huge increase in trade
 Growing commerce with Europe
 Ottoman & Egyptian governments borrowed to import capital – led to bankruptcy
in the 1870’s & subordination of economies to foreign financial control.

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