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LIO, blok 1 (Master Educational Sciences)

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Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

This document comprises very detailed lecture notes with thorough explanations. It has shown to be a great preparation resource for the LIO exam (Master in Educational Sciences).

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Learning in organisations

Prior knowledge clip

Week 1 – Evaluating organizational change

Articles

 Boonstra (2004)
 Guba & Lincoln (1994)
 Nielsen & Randall (2013)
 Visse et al (2012)

In this clip focus on 3 questions

1. Why do we evaluate organizational change?
2. What does one focus on when evaluating change?
3. How does one evaluate change?

Why evaluate?

Nielson & Randell focus in their paper on process-evaluation which can be used to:

 Provide feedback for improving interventions
 Minimize pitfalls when replicating interventions in other settings
 Interpret outcomes of interventions

Evaluation also identifies whether the goal of the organization has focused on in the intervention –
was the right goal.

 Example: if university like to increase student number – student number can easily be
evaluated by counting them. But increasing students numbers might in itself have an
undesirable effect as well. – teachers can experience higher workload, which effects quality
of teaching / learning. So is it than sensible to evaluate student number? Other process
indicators are job satisfaction or engagement, or stakeholders within the organizational
change.

1

,Nielson and Randall

Process evaluation is after the circumstances under which an intervention will work and the
processes that facilitates that changes.

Under which circumstances will an intervention work? Which where the processes that facilitated the
change?

 Process evaluation vs. effect evaluation
o Effect evaluation is used to measure immediate or long-term effects of a change.
Effect evaluation focusses on the expectations of the change. Did the organization
aim to change the knowledge skills or behaviour? Behaviour is often the hardest
outcome to measure and it can require a lot long time for effects to become
containable – and if they do- change to desired direction can also be caused by
factors other than the intervention. Its difficult to conclude how or why an
intervention worked from effect evaluation.
 Answering the questions of the circumstances and the processes leads to an
understanding of the change from which other organizations can learn.

Model of process evaluation – is based on a literature review on health and well-being interventions
at the organizational level. But the factors and aspects apply to organizational change as well, in a
more general sense. This model is straight forward and the paper is extensively describing all factors.
READ It.

Nielson and Randall distinguished three factors that effect implementation and evaluation of
interventions. And at the core of this model is the intervention (light green box). What matters is
who initiated the intervention, whether the intervention activities target the problems of the
workplace and who are the drivers of the change (that aspect focuses on the roles and behaviours of
key stakeholders.)

Than Nielson describes Context which can dilute or strengthen intervention effects and processes (as
shown in the big light blue box). Still it remains unclear what the authors exactly mean with context.
Mayke takes it as the concrete organization where the intervention took place. Because the omnibus
context includes organizational culture and structure, and discrete context refers to particular events
that happened during implementation.

To conclude the mental models of people play a role in the change outcomes. This includes the
readiness for change and the perceptions of intervention activities. For the exam: you should now all
the factors by heart

2

,Paradigms - Guba & Lincoln logic of science
Meant to describe how science develops (sociology, philosophy of science, e.g., Kuhn) (paradigms
can help to understand the logic of evaluation)

 Fundamental discourse questions if they exist
 What is to be studied, what are relevant questions, how topics are connected, how to
interpret the results obtained and how does one conduct proper research?

For the exam: keep in mind to only study the parts of the chapter addressed in this lecture.

The worldview guiding the methodological epistemological and ontological choices made by
researchers (Guba & Lincoln)

 Epistemology: what is knowledge?
 Ontology: what is reality?
 Methodology: How does one produce valid knowledge?

These three dimensions are related and aligned with another in a paradigm.

Ontology – example with picture squirrel

 What is this?
 Why is it that?
 Is it real? Why (not)
 If no humans were on Earth, would this still be what it is?

Epistemology – example with picture squirrel

 How doe you know this is a squirrel?
 If you had never seen one before, does it exist?
 If someone told you this isn’t a squirrel, would you believe that person? Why (not)?
 If it climbs up to a tree and there is no one to see it. Can it still be observed?

Methodology

 Type of study and how it is to be done. E.g. descriptive or explanatory
 Mythology > methods
o Methodology determines the methods which are the actual tool we use to collect
and analyse data. What does tools look like and how they are used depends on the
research paradigm and the theoretical/ conceptual framework

Why do paradigm matter?

Paradigms shift: radical transformation of science

 Facts can only be interpreted through a particular ‘lens’
 Evaluation requires to explicate the zoom lens used = description of the combination of ideas
(concepts) which guide your thinking (= theoretical framework)
 Paradigms are accepted based on faith, choice needs to be substantiated. What does a
particular issue ask for?
 Can coexist; your paradigm ‘of choice’ determines the options at your disposal, the
possibilities available
 See Visse for how paradigms can get in the way of an evaluation (table 6.2)

3

, Positivism, the ‘received view’ (that’s how Guba & Lincoln call it, as most scientists are trained in this
paradigm and it is also the most widely accepted perspective on what counts as research)

 Also called conventional paradigm
 ‘imparted’ from the natural sciences
 Precise, measurable variables that can be quantified
 The role of science is to discover new knowledge about how the real world works
o That means that the real world exists separately and apart from humans – so the
best way to study it is through an unbiased and objective researcher who is not to
involved in the research (object)
 You might see here that this claim involves ontology and epistemology
 Usually hypothesis-drive, allows one to make predictions
 The real world is separate and apart from humans
 The best way to discover new knowledge is through unbiased, objective research in which
the researcher aims to limit any influence

Guba and Lincoln explain an alternative paradigm

Constructivism

 There are multiple realities. These realities are locally (and often socially) constructed
(ontology)
o Reality is grounded in a particular context
 The researcher is inseparable from the research, no such thing as objectivity
 Interprets instead of tests (research in this paradigm is often descriptive research – aiming to
understand a phenomenon)
o The researcher tries to sensibly interpret different meanings – looking for consensus
the researcher will find differences in perspectives which can be productive and
counterproductive depending on what the researcher tries to find out.
o As constructivists believe that researchers are inseparable from the research – the
researcher should be aware of their influence when conducting research. Being
aware differences from actively minimising the role of the researcher in the positive
paradigm
 Insights from constructivists research are initially local
o It remains to be seen whether that they are generalizable to other contexts
 Distinguishing cause and effect is impossible because they are always shaping each other
o True evaluation and implementation interventions change for example, this animal is
more than a squirrel – it has different meanings
 IMPORTANT: Reality is constructed, no such thing as objective research, or a
world that exist apart from the researcher

The gist of it al

The ‘essential’ difference between positivism and constructivism resides in the belief about the
nature of the relationship between the researcher and the phenomenon of interest (for
constructivists, phenomenon is considered as a subject instead of an object)

 This has consequences for the way in which knowledge is produced and the knowledge itself
 Requires the use of methods in different ways

4

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