Alle lessen van General Linguistics zoals gegeven op de Hogeschool Utrecht met ordelijke samenvatting van het boek The Study of Language van George Yule (behalve H 3, 15 en 16).
,Inhoud
Les 1 What is language?.........................................................................................................................2
The origins of language.......................................................................................................................2
Animals and human language.............................................................................................................3
Les 2 Sounds and words.........................................................................................................................4
Phonology...........................................................................................................................................4
Formation of words............................................................................................................................5
Morphology........................................................................................................................................6
Les 4 Sentences......................................................................................................................................7
Grammar............................................................................................................................................7
Syntax.................................................................................................................................................8
Les 5 meaning and use...........................................................................................................................9
Semantics...........................................................................................................................................9
Lexical relations..................................................................................................................................9
Pragmatics........................................................................................................................................10
Discourse analysis............................................................................................................................10
Les 6 The brain and acquisition............................................................................................................11
Language and the brain....................................................................................................................11
First language acquisition.................................................................................................................12
Second language acquisition............................................................................................................13
Les 7 History, change and variation......................................................................................................15
Language history and change...........................................................................................................15
Language and regional variation.......................................................................................................16
Les 8 Sociolinguistics.............................................................................................................................18
Language and social variation...........................................................................................................18
Language and culture.......................................................................................................................20
, Les 1 What is language?
The origins of language
Yule, G. The Study of Language
- chapter 1 - The origins of
language (pp. 1-6)
- study questions 1-6 (p.7)
1. Divine source
a. A divine source who provides humans with language.
b. Explains the difference between humans and animals ability to learn a language.
c. Doesn’t explain how languages change.
2. The natural sound source
a. Primitive words are imitations of natural sounds which early men and women heard
around them.
b. Explains that some words sound similar to noises (onomatopoeia) like buzz/ coocoo
c. Doesn’t explain words that don’t make any sounds like emotions and feelings.
3. The social interaction source
a. Sounds reproduced by physical efforts that need interaction (working together)
b. Explains why we use language for communication.
c. Doesn’t explain why we have many different words and why language is so complex
and how it evolved.
4. The physical adaptation source
a. Physical features changed that support speech production in humans.
b. Explains how we can produce certain sounds like the b/p and f/v with lips (muscles).
c. Doesn’t explain why we can make complex sentences/ language.
5. The toolmaking source
a. Manual gestures may have been a precursor of language. The use of tools shows brain
development and repurposing of the body parts.
b. Explains complex lateralized brain- one key unlocking two doors. (neuro motorische
ontwikkeling waarbij rechter-/ linker hersenhelft zijn dominantie / specialisatie krijgt)
c. Doesn’t explain complex language.
6. The genetic source
a. Language is a genetic mutation.
b. Deaf children can learn sign language without being exposed to other language.
c. Doesn’t explain complex language.
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