EUGIC - General Summary 2.0
History of European Integration 2
Timeline 2
Theories of European Integration 5
Neofunctionalism 5
Intergovernmentalism 6
Summary of the two theoretical approaches 7
Government Approach 7
Institutions of the EU 8
The Council 8
The European Council 8
The Council of the EU 8
The European Commission 10
The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) 11
The European Parliament 12
Decision-making in the EU 13
Democracy and Legitimacy 15
Enlargement of the EU 16
History of Enlargement 16
Accessing the EU 17
Treaties of the EU 18
Economic Integration 20
The Single Market 20
The Economic and Monetary Union 20
Trade and Development Policies 23
EU’s Foreign, Security and Defense Policies 24
Common Foreign and Security Policy 24
Cooperation in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 27
Common European Asylum System (CEAS) 27
Brexit 28
Possible issues and outcomes of Brexit 29
, History of European Integration
TIMELINE
1939 - 1945 WWII.
1946 Zurich Conference
1947 Treaty of Dunkirk
1948 The Hague Conference?
1948 Marshall Aid - Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC; now OECD)
1948 Berlin Blockade
1948 Brussels Treaty
1949 NATO
1949 Council of Europe - European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)
1950 Schuman Declaration
- Proposal of French foreign minister Schuman to place the French-German production of coal
and steal under one common high authority
- ‘Keep your enemies close’
- Open for participation of other EU countries
- ‘Common interest will lead to cooperation’
1951 Treaty of Paris
- Establishment European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
- France, West-Germany and BeNeLux.
- Sharing of key resources for war
- Birth of the EU: supranational principle.
1952 - 1945 European Defense Community (failed); European Political Community (French parliament rejected).
1955 Western European Union (WEU)
1955 West German Accession to NATO
1957 Treaty of Rome
- Establishment European Economic Community (EEC)
- Principle of Market Integration
* Reduction of customs duties and establishment of Customs Union
* Single market for goods, services, labour and capital
* Creation of common transport and agriculture policies and the European Social Fund.
* Establishment of the European Commission (1 Commissioner per state; 2 per large state).
- On of the most important treaties in EU
- Empty Chair Crisis, 1965:
* PM Charles de Gaulle wanted to get his way concerning a greater role of the Commission -
he demanded a budgetary proposal for agriculture policies (CAP).
* Extension Qualified Majority Voting: unanimity was not a necessity anymore - simple two-
third suffice.
* Luxembourg Compromise: in cases of vital national interest of a MS, the council would aim
to find consensus.
, 1959 European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden,
Switzerland, UK.
1973 1st Enlargement
- EFTAns joined: UK, Ireland (n.), Denmark, (Norway).
- Rejected by French vote twice; new French presidents lifts the veto
- UK as trojan horse for US, but UK also brings in a lot of the Common Wealth, which could be
seen as a commercial treaty. Others thought UK should be in because of the Franco-German
dominance.
- Norway rejected by Norwegian people via referendum.
- Neutral: Ireland (Sweden and Switzerland follow): no members of NATO because they refuse
to join an organization in which they end up defending the UK.
1981 - 1987 2nd Enlargement
- Greece, Spain and Portugal, Turkish Application (mediterranean round)
- All NATO members
- Smoother atmosphere because they just transitioned into democracies.
- Israeli revolution in Afghanistan: Spain denies Israel as an independent state but now EU
common policy so they must recognize. EU became a trusted partner and mediator.
- Structural funds for Spain and Portugal because they were too poor. The application was
framed as a return of democracy rather than the need for a free, open market.
1985 - 1987 Single European Act
- First Treaty Reform - basis for EPC; relation towards an ‘Union’.
- Establishing a Single Market
- New competences: Environment, Research and Development, Economic and Social cohesion
- Extension Qualified Majority Voting
- Strengthening European Parliament.
1992 Single Market
1990 - 1993 Treaty of Maastricht
- Establishment of the European Union to expand the scope of European integration.
- Pillar structure
a) European Committees
b) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
c) Justice and Home Affairs
- Economic Monetary Union; Euro convergence criteria
- Critique of pillar structure: there were opt-outs; some MSs refused to participate in all pillars.
There was a way of undermining the Community Method, due to blurring pillars.
1993 Copenhagen Agreement
- Criteria for entering the EU:
1. Liberal democracy
2. Free market economy
3. Ability to implement all EU legislation
4. EU criteria: capability to adjust to another MS.
1995 3rd Enlargement
- Sweden, Finland, Austria, - all neutral (+ Norway), East-Germany
- ↑ Wealthy democratic neutral states.
