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Summary Work and Health Psychology

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Complete and in-depth summary for Work and Health Psychology. Everything you need to know for the final exam. Course taught in second year of Human Resource Management at Tilburg University. Everything you need to know about the whole course. Good luck studying!

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  • 19 oktober 2020
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  • 2020/2021
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WORK AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
HOORCOLLEGE 1

What is “work”?

“A set of coordinated and goal-directed activities that are conducted in exchange for something else,
usually some form of monetary reward”

Link to book

https://tilburguniversity-on-worldcat-org.tilburguniversity.idm.oclc.org/search?
databaseList=&queryString=peeters%20taris#/oclc/853114045

What is work psychology?

Central aim:

Use insights from psychology (related to people’s behavior, motivation, thoughts and emotions) to
help workers achieve their work-goals in an optimal manner, and to help organizations achieve their
goals

Example; waitress

 Organizational goals: good service performance, high customer satisfaction & high profits
 When do waitresses show the desired behaviors for good service performance?
- Right thoughts/mindset (the client is always right)?
- Positive mood/feeling well?
- (not) under pressure?
- Motivation?

How to design work so that it is motivating, enjoyable (emotions), offers learning opportunities, and
does not induce stress (health)?

Why is work psychology important?

1. Because the amount of time we spend working
2. Because work has the potential to make us happy
3. Because work has the potential to make us sick
4. Because of the increasing expectations of employers

Work Health Psychology

Werkgroepen zijn verplicht!!!

Hoorcolleges worden opgenomen

Examen is in oktober

Bij eerste werkgroep kun je jezelf inschrijven voor een team




Roots of work psychology

,1850 – 1930

Pre-industrial / agrarian ~ 1860, Industrial revolution ~ 1910

Psychotechnics / Applied psychology

Psychotechnics = The practical or technological application of psychology, as in analysis of social or
economic problems.

“[…] the psychological experiment is systematically to be placed at the service of commerce and
industry“ (Münsterberg, 1913)

Pioneers:

 Jean Marie Lahy (France, from 1903 onwards)
- experiments on the selection of streetcar operators
- general method for employee selection (normed tests)
 Munsterberg (Germany/U.S., 1913)
- “selection of those personalities which by their mental qualities are especially fit for a
particular kind of economic work.” (Münsterberg, 1913)
- Work on the selection of drivers, typists, army gunners, etc.

Scientific management

Country of origin: USA
Founding father: Frederick Winslow Taylor

“As to the importance of obtaining the maximum output of each man and each machine, it is only
through the adoption of modern scientific management that this great problem can be finally solved”
(Taylor, 1911)

Scientific management

 Focus on the task (simplification of tasks)

“…in nineteen out of twenty industrial establishments, the workmen believe it to be directly against
their interests to give their employers the best initiative, and that instead of working hard to do the
largest possible amount of work and the best quality of work for their employer, they deliberately
work as slowly as they dare while they at the same time try to make those over them believe that
they are working fast.” (Taylor, 1939)

 Workers are lazy

Pig iron handling
Task: loading or piling pig iron (~46kg)

“there is a science of handling pig iron, and […] this science amounts to so much that the man who is
suited to handle pig iron cannot possibly understand it, nor even work in accordance with the laws of
this science, without the help of those who are over him” (Taylor, 1911)

 Men are stupid



Scientific management: Solution

,  Simplification of tasks
 Examine the best way to conduct the tasks
 Training workers in the one best way to conduct the tasks
 Separating the planning of tasks from their execution
 Selecting workers for particular tasks

1930 – now

Human Relations Movement

Hawthorne studies (1924 – 1932)




Human Relations Movement

“From the time of the publication of the results of the Hawthorne Studies onward, no one interested
in the behavior of employees could consider them as isolated individuals. Rather, such factors and
concepts as group influences, social status, informal communication, roles, norms, and the like were
drawn upon to explain and interpret the voluminous data from these studies and other field
investigations that followed them”

Why was scientific management widely applied in the US, but much less in Europe?

Context: In 1880, industrialization in the US was far less advanced than in Europe (Britain, Germany
and France); In the following 30 years it underwent an enormous economic expansion, often at the
cost of individual employees.

 This was possible because unions were less powerful than in Europe (could not protect the
workers sufficiently) and because immigrants from Europe often did not have a choice but to
accept work under any condition

Contemporary work psychology

Well-being

“The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy” (Oxford Dictionaries)

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.” (WHO)



Well-being at work

 Health (physical well-being)

, - Work as a source of disease and injuries, stress, and health benefits
 Relationships (social well-being)
- Work as a source of trust, support, reciprocity, exploitation, and power abuse
 Happiness (psychological well-being)
- Work as a source of pleasure and satisfaction (passive) and fulfillment / engagement
(active) or the opposite thereof

Performance

“The action or process of performing a task or function”
“A task or operation seen in terms of how successfully it is performed”

Work performance: Action or outcome?

Action: “Performance is what the organization hires one to do, and do well” (Campbell et al., 1993)

Outcome: “The consequence or the result of the individual worker’s behavior” (Sonnentag & Frese,
2002)

Cf. book PdJT, Chapter 13
NB: The book takes a behavioral view on performance, that is, performance as actions

Dimensions of individual job performance

 Task performance (proficiency)
 Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB; going the extra mile)
 Counterproductive work behaviors
 Employee withdrawal behaviors

SUMMARY: During this lecture, we addressed…

 …what work psychology is and why it is important.
 …the structure, expectations, and goals related to the course ‘Work, wellbeing, and
performance’.
 …the roots of work psychology and the core ideas of psychotechnics, scientific management,
the human relations movement, and contemporary work psychology.
 …the terms work, well-being, and performance.

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