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Samenvatting Public International Law - Stappenplannen per probleem (probleem 1 t/m 7)

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Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)

Boek
International Law 2nd Edition

In deze samenvatting is per probleem van Public International Law (PIL) een overzichtelijke stappenplan gemaakt. Alle benodigde informatie (inclusief case law met paragrafen) voor het tentamen wordt vermeld.

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public international law

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Summary Public International Law.
Inhoudsopgave
Problem 1: State Responsibility...................................................................................................................... 2
Question 1: When can a state be held responsible? + How and when can state responsibility be excluded?....2
Question 2: What are the consequences of state responsibility?........................................................................4
Question 3: Towards whom is a state responsible? (Invocation of responsibility)..............................................5

Problem 2: The Law of Treaties...................................................................................................................... 6
Question 1: What is a treaty and are treaties binding upon the parties?............................................................6
Question 2: How does the conclusion of treaties works?.....................................................................................7
Question 3: How can treaties be interpreted?.....................................................................................................8

Problem 3: Reservations and Declarations to treaties...................................................................................10
Question 1: When can a state make a reservation?..........................................................................................10
Question 2: When can a state make a declaration?..........................................................................................11
Question 3: What is the difference between a reservation and declaration?....................................................12

Problem 4: Use of Force............................................................................................................................... 13
Question 1: What are the general rules of the prohibition of the use of force?................................................13
Question 2: What are the exceptions to the prohibition of the use of force?....................................................14

Problem 5: International Human Rights Law.................................................................................................16
Question 1: General information about international human rights law..........................................................16
Question 2: Which two monitoring mechanisms has the UN developed?.........................................................16
Question 3: When does an individual have an individual right to complain at the European Court of Human
Rights (ECtHR)?...................................................................................................................................................17
Question 4: Does Italy have obligations under the ECHR? If so, what kind of obligations do they have?.........17

Problem 6: Immunity of High-Ranking State Officials....................................................................................21
Question 1: What does the immunity of high-ranking state officials mean?.....................................................21
Question 2: Are there any exceptions to the immunity of high-ranking state officials?....................................21

Problem 7: International Criminal Law......................................................................................................... 23
Question 1: When does the ICTY and ICTR have jurisdiction?............................................................................23
Question 2: When does the ICC has jurisdiction?...............................................................................................23
Question 3: How and when can an individual be held responsible under International Criminal Law?............25

1

,Problem 1: State Responsibility.

Question 1: When can a state be held responsible? + How and when
can state responsibility be excluded?

Step 1  Is it an act or an omission?

Step 2  Is it attributable? (Articles 5-11 ILC Articles).
 States can only be held responsible for acts which are attributable to them.
 Conduct of state organs:
o The general rule is that any act or omission of an organ of a state (think of,
e.g., the police, army, and judiciary) shall be considered an act of that state
under international law (Article 4 ILC Articles).
o However, the conduct will be attributed to the state if that person acts in an
official capacity -- and not if he/she is acting as a private person.
o The simple fact that the person in question exceeded his/her powers (thus,
committed an ultra vires act) is not enough to excuse the state from
responsibility (Article 7 ILC Articles).
 Conduct of private entities:
o In principle, a state is not responsible for the conduct of private entities,
unless:
 (1) they perform public functions (Article 5 ILC Articles).
 (2) they perform acts over which the state exercises control (Article 8
ILC Articles).
 Nicaragua case:
o Decisive test = ‘effective control’ of the operations.
o US activities not amounting to effective control.
o Nicaraguan contras’ acts could have been committed
without control of the US – thus, the contras’ acts
cannot be attributed to the US.
o But: US incurring responsibility for their own activities –
obvious breach of non-intervention principle (CIL)
 Tadic-case:
o According to the overall control test it was not
necessary for a state to control each single operation
during which a violation had been committed.
o It was sufficient that the state would exercise a general
control over the act of these private individuals.
 However, the ICJ later confirmed in the Genocide-case that the
risk of the ‘overall control’ was to water down/to stretch too
much the connection between the conduct of private
individuals and the responsibility of the state to a breaking
point.
 (3) they perform acts acknowledged and adopted by a state as its own
(Article 11 ILC Articles).
 Tehran-Hostages case.
2

,  (4) they, de facto/in fact, exercise governmental powers when the
official authorities are absent or defunct (Article 9 ILC Articles).
o Article 10 ILC Articles: the responsibility of the state in relation to the conduct
of insurrectional movements.
 These are by definition not state organs.
 International law prescribes that the state will be held responsible
should the insurrectionists succeed; if they manage to take over the
state (or create a new one), the state will be responsible for their acts.

Step 3  Is it an International Wrongful Act (IWA)?
 Every international wrongful act of a state entails state responsibility (Article 1 ILC
Articles).
 Damage or harm is not treated as a precondition; what matters is the violation of an
international obligation, whether this creates material damage or not.
o The idea here is that damage is not always manifested in material ways but
can also be conceptualized as a violation of someone’s rights, or as moral
damage.

Step 3a  Is it a breach?
 It must be a breach of an international obligation of that state.
 States cannot be held responsible for activities that are harmful or cause damage, but
are none the less legal.

Step 3b  Is there a justification?
 Responsive behavior (Articles 20-22 Articles on State Responsibility):
o Consent: if a state consent on the violation on the part of another state, that
other state cannot be held responsible. The consent of the state removes the
wrongfulness from the conduct of the other state
o Self-defense: response to another state’s wrongful conduct. If a state is under
attack, it will have to defend itself.
 Self-defense has to be performed according to the United Nations
Charter  Article 51 UN Charter.
o Countermeasures: actions that would be considered internationally wrongful
but are recognized as a valid means of self-help against other state’s wrongful
act.
 For example: if a state breaches a certain treaty obligation (treaty for
exchange of apples and pears). The state says that it will not exchange
apples anymore = wrongful conduct. The other state can decide to
suspend the obligations they have on the other treaties they have with
the same party-state (countermeasure).
 Countermeasures have to respect very strict requirements. They have
to be proportional; they cannot imply use of force and they have to
seize immediately when the other state stops.
 Objective circumstances (Articles 23-25 Articles on State Responsibility):
o Force majeure (=overmacht): actor could not have acted differently.

3

,  What distinguishes force majeure from distress and necessity is that
an actor could have not complied with the obligation; there was a
material impossibility to comply with that obligation.
o Distress: actor could have acted differently but would require an
unreasonable sacrifice.
 Rainbow Warrior.
o Necessity: to protect a vital state interest.
 There has to be an imminent and grave peril to an essential interest of
the state.
 Gabcikovo-Nagymaros.
 Note (1): If the state has contributed to create a situation that have put in danger,
either personal or essential interest of the state, it cannot rely on the circumstances
of distress and necessity. The same way they cannot rely on those circumstances if
the act has put or created a comparable peril onto someone else’s or seriously
impaire another state’s essential interest.
o Another requirement is the absence of alternatives that are less impairing for
the other state.
 Note (2): none of the circumstances can operate to excuse conducts violating jus
cogens (Article 26 on State Responsibility).
 Note (3): a state cannot rely on its internal law as a justification to commit
internationally wrongful acts (Article 32 on State Responsibility).

Step 5  If there is no justification, and all the other steps are fulfilled, then there’s State
Responsibility.

Question 2: What are the consequences of state responsibility?

Step 1  Reparation for injury (Article 34 on State Responsibility)  3 forms:
 Restitution (Article 35 on State Responsibility); restore the situation as it would exist
without the IWA.
 Compensation (Article 36 on State Responsibility); actual losses incurred as a result
of the IWA.
o When restitution is not possible.
o For example, when the object of the obligation has been destroyed.
 Satisfaction (Article 37 on State Responsibility); acknowledgement of the IWA, formal
apology.
o This is very often the case when the breach of a certain international
obligation has not caused any material damage.

Step 1a  Articles 28-31 on State Responsibility: more consequences of state responsibility.

Step 2  If the ‘injured’ state fails to get any form of reparation, they can take counter-
measures against the offending state.
 Retorsion:
• An unfriendly act which does not involve a breach of an international
obligation.
• Examples: withdraw development aid; break diplomatic relations.

4

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