ATLS EXAM 1 STUDY EXAM

ATLS EXAM 1 STUDY EXAM Body's Center of Mass/Gravity* - CORRECT ANSWER-ant. to Sacrum Sagittal Plane* - CORRECT ANSWER-y/z plane axis = X/med. lat. movements = flex/ext, dorsi-/plantar flex, forward/backward bending Frontal/Coronal Plane* - CORRECT ANSWER-x/y plane axis = Z/ant. post. movements = abd/add, lat. flex, ulnar & radial deviation; eversion & inversion Horizontal/Transverse Plane* - CORRECT ANSWER-x/z plane axis = Y/sup. inf./vertical/longitudinal movements = int/ex rot, axial rot Degrees of Freedom (DF)* - CORRECT ANSWER-# of planes of movement allowed @ a jt Open Kinematic Chain* - CORRECT ANSWER-when the distal segment of a Kinematic Chain isn't fixed to the Earth Closed Kinematic Chain* - CORRECT ANSWER-when the distal segment of a Kinematic Chain is fixed to the Earth Closed-Packed Position* - CORRECT ANSWER-of a jt, jt. surfaces = max. congruency, ligaments = taut & twisted, capsule = tight; usually end range Open/Loose-Packed Position* - CORRECT ANSWER-of a jt; when the articular surfaces are least congruent & ligaments are slackened Newton's Second Law* - CORRECT ANSWER-F = ma Stress* - CORRECT ANSWER-internal resistance to an external load tension Strain* - CORRECT ANSWER-% ↑ in a tissue's stretched length relative to its original length stretch Nonlinear/Toe Region (of Muscle Stress-Strain Relationship)* - CORRECT ANSWERwhen under relatively slight strain (stretch), the ligament produces a small amount of stress (tension) = collagen fibers w/i the tissue are initially wavy/crimped → must be taut to measure significant tension Linear Region (of Muscle Stress-Strain Relationship)* - CORRECT ANSWER-= Y/X = stiffness ratio of stress (Y) caused by an applied strain (X) in the ligament Elastic Region (of Muscle Stress-Strain Relationship)* - CORRECT ANSWER-Nonlinear + Linear Region Elastic Deformation Energy* - CORRECT ANSWER-causes the Elastic Region, most of which is released when the force is removed/stops; tissue's original shape is recoverable Yield Point (of Muscle Stress-Strain Relationship)* - CORRECT ANSWER-beyond which ↑ strain → slight ↑ stress = plasticity → plastic deformation causes microscopic failure → tissue is permanently deformed Plasticity* - CORRECT ANSWER-of tissue, overstretch or over-compression Plastic Deformation Energy* - CORRECT ANSWER-causes the Plastic Region, tissue's original shape is not entirely recoverable Ultimate Failure Point (of Muscle Stress-Strain Relationship)* - CORRECT ANSWERwhen tissue partially or completely separates → loses ability to hold any tension (stress) Creep* - CORRECT ANSWER-an example of viscoelasticity, progressive strain on materials when exposed to constant load over time Force-Couple* - CORRECT ANSWER-when 2+ mm simultaneously produce forces in diff. linear directions → resulting torque acts in the same rotary direction 1st-Class Lever* - CORRECT ANSWER-axis of rot. btwn opposing forces 2nd-Class Lever* - CORRECT ANSWER-axis of rot. on an end & mm/internal force have ↑ leverage than external force, rare MA = 1 3rd-Class Lever* - CORRECT ANSWER-axis of rot. on an end & external forces have ↑ leverage than mm/internal force, most common MA = 1 Mechanical Advantage (MA)* - CORRECT ANSWER-of a lever, ratio of the internal moment/lever arm to the external moment/lever arm Newton's 1st Law (Inertia)* - CORRECT ANSWER-a body remains in motion around an axis of rot. or at rest unless an outside an external force changes its state Newton's 2nd Law (Acceleration)* - CORRECT ANSWER-linear acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it, is inversely proportional to the mass of the body, & takes place in the same direction as the applied force ΣF = m x a Newton's 3rd Law (Action-Reaction)* - CORRECT ANSWER-for every action there is an equal & opposite reaction Ligaments* - CORRECT ANSWER-made of regular dense connective tissue often blend w/ jt capsule, fibrous ct w/ nerve endings → important for reflex mech. & perception of movement & position composed of fibrocytes & type I collagen → less flexible bone to bone 3 classifications: capsular, extracapsular, & intracapsular Skeletal Muscle Fiber* - CORRECT ANSWER-2 types: Type I & Type II, intermingle in most mm but one (1) usually predominates depending on contractile properties of mm Type I Muscle Fibers* - CORRECT ANSWER-red, slow twitch, rich in mitochondria in postural mm (ex. erecter spinae & soleus) Type II Muscle Fibers* - CORRECT ANSWER-white, fast twitch, low in mitochondria in limb mm Tendons* - CORRECT ANSWER-made of regular dense connective tissue white fibrous bands, few blood vessels & supplied by sensory nerve fibers, great tensile strength → inelastic → resistant to stretch composed of tenocytes mm to bone Muscle-Tendon Junction - CORRECT ANSWER-changing from a highly vascular structure to a slightly vascular → common site for mm strai