Record producer responsibilities - Answer-Oversees recording and mixing
Obtains copyright clearances
Hires session musicians (if needed)
Manages budget (often with assistance)
Finding suitable recording studio
A&R - Answer-artist & repertoire
Recording sales (physical digital) - Answer-1999: $14.6 billion (record high at the time)
2000: $ 14.4 billion
2001: 13.7 billion
2002: 12.6 billion
2003: $11.9 billion
Streaming - Answer-A method of sending audio and video files over the Internet in such
a way that the user can view the file while it is being transferred.
P2P and copyright - Answer-Napster
Launched June 1999
Served with an injunction and shut down its server in July 2001
LimeWire
KaZaa
Record store day - Answer-Celebration in support independently owned brick and
mortar record stores
Production, distribution, exhibition - Answer--production: physical making of movies
-distribution: the marketing of movies
-exhibition: the actual screening of movies in theaters
Development of commercial broadcasting - Answer-1. Radio Amateurs, 1910-1922
2. RCA, 1919
3. Birth of commercial network broadcasting, 1920s
Toll broadcasting - Answer-a station could sell time to an individual or company who
wanted to reach the public
Sponsor-produced programming - Answer-
, Emergence of radio networks - Answer-Programming
Genres•
Comedy• Dramas• Quiz shows• Soap operas•
O&Os• Stations owned and operated by the networks• Affiliates• Not owned by
networks, but carried network programming
Relationship between early radio and recorded music - Answer-Programming
Radio caused a decline in the recording industry
Programming - Answer-The process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and
maintaining the source code of computer programs
O&Os and affiliates - Answer-O&O: Stations owned and operated by the networks
Affiliates: Not owned by networks, but carried network programming
AM vs FM - Answer--Amplitude modulation- Modulation (AM) - a means of radio
broadcasting, utilizing the band between 540 and 1,700 megahertz; AM signals are
prone to frequent static interference, but their high-powered signals allow them to travel
great distances, especially at night
-Frequency Modulation (FM) - a means of radio broadcasting, utilizing the band
between 88 and 108 megahertz; FM signals are marked by high levels of clarity but
rarely travel more than 80 miles from the site of their transmission
FCC vs. Pacifica - Answer-1973 complaint to the FCC
WBAI (NY) broadcast George Carlin's Seven Dirty Words" routine
Supreme Court upheld content fine based on:
1. likelihood of kids in the audience, 2. assurance against "unwanted speech"
Origin of "Safe Harbor": 10PM-6AM
Safe Harbor rule - Answer-An FCC rule that requires broadcasters to limit indecent
programming to the hours of 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
Station format, format wheels - Answer-A circular chart that divides one hour of a radio
station's format into different timed program elements
Audience targets(narrowcasting) - Answer-
Radio playlists - Answer-AM stations: 4,705
FM commercial stations: 6,652
FM noncommercial: 4,075
15,432 total
Blanket licenses (ASCAP, BMI, SESAC) - Answer-Station management selects a
format, based on the desired audience target
Program director develops a station playlist (600-700 songs)
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