Samenvatting

Summary "Essential Research Findings" from Cooper

Name: Summary "Essential Research Findings" from Cooper
SKU: doc_554262
Rating: 4.00 (2 reviews)
Author: reneelipka161

2 beoordelingen

15 keer verkocht

Instelling
Universiteit Leiden (UL)

Book by Mick Cooper: Essential Research Findings in Counseling and Psychotherapy - bullet points, simple language, definitely includes everything

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 4 van de 53 pagina's

Bekijk voorbeeld

Heel boek samengevat? Ja
Geupload op 16 juni 2019
Aantal pagina's 53
Geschreven in 2018/2019
Type Samenvatting

mick cooper
essential research findings
counseling and psychotherapy

2 beoordelingen

Door: agneseferrante • 4 jaar geleden

Door: juliaw0702 • 4 jaar geleden

Volgen

reneelipka161 Lid sinds 6 jaar 181 documenten verkocht

PRTP SUMMARY 2018 1

ELECTIVE SUMMARY: PSYCHOTHERAPY -
RESEARCH, THEROY AND PRACTICE
Renée Lipka, IBP 2019-20

BOOK 1: ESSENTIAL RESEARCH FINDINGS
IN COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

Chapter 1. Introduction: The Challenge of Research

1.1 The value of research

- Research = a systematic process of inquiry that leads to the development of new knowledge

- Empirical = based on concrete experiences or observations, as opposed to purely theoretical
conjecture

- Until the therapist knows which problems a particular client has/what this client wants, it is
useful to look at general results of research as a source of guidance

- Research findings can help practitioners to understand therapy from a clients perspective: even
if he thinks he already knows what the client is experiencing — this belief is often misguided,
especially in the beginning of therapy

> Patient and therapist ratings of therapeutic relationships only show moderate agreement

> In only 30-40% of instances therapists agree with clients on most significant parts of therapy
(often overestimating technical as opposed to relational aspects)

> Therapists are often poor at predicting the outcomes of therapy

> Therapists overestimate their effectiveness: 90% perceive themselves in top 25%

> = Research does not teach but challenge therapists and can shake them out of their own
belief system

- Therapists should be aware of research findings in order to communicate with others and help
consumers understand its value

2.2. The limitations of research

- The stance of this book is to communicate that research findings are like good friends — yet
many therapists are not even acquainted with them

> Only a small amount see research as a useful source, usually they see ‘ongoing experiences
with clients’ as the best information

- It is true that we shouldn’t wholly base therapeutic practice on research, since it always works
with averages that may not align with individual preferences

- Research will also always be influenced by the researchers own assumptions

,PRTP SUMMARY 2018 2

> In 90% of studies, the antipsychotic drug that came out on top was manufactured by the
company sponsoring the research

- Research findings are always arrived at through a particular tool, measure or procedure —
which also influences what we find

> e.g. mental wellbeing defined as ‘lack of mental illness’ or ‘potential for growth’

- Researchers come up with vastly different conclusions on the same data set

- Research is always conducted on a particular sample which may not translate to all populations

- Sample = the collection of participants used in a study, from whom we want to make
generalizations to a wider ‘population’

- Even if it were possible for researchers and research tools to be entirely objective, value-free
and comprehensive — we are still faced with the fact that the scientific method is not an
assumption-free tool

2.3 A research-informed approach to therapy

- Basic premise of this book: therapy should not be research-directed, but research-informed

- Theory, supervisory input and personal experiences and many other factors have a role too:
research is not a superior fount of knowledge

- Evidence-based psychological practice: integration of best available research with clinical
expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture and preferences (APA)

2.5 Trying to achieve balance

- The author here explains in length his own view on psychotherapy: he says that there is no way
for him to be completely unbiased to this book will represent his point of view to some extend

- He gives away his own preferences so we can take that into account and be critical when
reading:

> He is an advocate of democratic client-therapist relationships (person-centered, existential-,
relational therapies) where the client has a say in the direction of therapy

> He is a bit weary of hierarchical client-therapist relationships (CBT, psychodynamic) where
the therapist is the expert and the client the patient

> Him and his friend work at a pluralistic therapeutic framework: different clients want
different things, which differ across the life-span, from their therapy

- Similarly, he thinks that different forms of research make different contributions at different
times: he doesn’t think its necessary to make an either/or split between quantitative and
qualitative

- Quantitative research = number-based; generally incorporating statistical analysis

- Qualitative research = language-based; experiences, perceptions, observations not reduced to
numerical form

- Methodological pluralism: he draws from both quantitative and qualitative research

,PRTP SUMMARY 2018 3

Chapter 2. The Outcomes of Counseling and
Psychotherapy

2.1 The efficacy of counselling and psychotherapy

- Before and after psychotherapy we see positive effects on objective measures (weight in
Anorexia), but also subjective ones: people feel better after

- This does not mean therapy was responsible for the observed changes (spontaneous
remission) — must include control group waiting for therapy or receiving treatment-as-usual
(GP)

- Efficacy = potential to bring about a desired effect

- Experimental group = individuals who participate in the procedure being tested

- Control group = individuals similar in characteristics to those in experimental group but who do
not participate in the procedure being tested

- Randomization & randomized controlled trials (RCTs) = random allocation of participants to
different conditions (gold standard of research)

> To ensure that individuals in control and experimental group are as similar as possible

- ‘Significant’ difference = to an extent that is almost certainly not due to chance

> P (probability) value: ranges from 0 to 1, with lower values indicating a lower probability that
the experimental results are a product of random variations

> Cutoff p = 0.05 → p values below this → reject hypothesis that results came about by chance
→ differences between conditions are significant

> If p insignificant it does not mean that we have proven no difference in effectiveness between
conditions, only that at the present time we could not find those differences

- So after controlling for time (spontaneous remission) we find the same but to a lesser extend:
people improve over time but more so with therapy (significantly)

- But how do we know its due to active ingredients of therapy and not peoples expectations
(placebo-like effects)

> Included control groups in which participants thought they were receiving a real therapy
when it was just listening and befriending

> Placebo conditions brings out better results than standard care of GP, but active therapy still
better → efficacy of therapy cannot be put down to clients expectations

- Placebo = procedure that, while remaining credible to the patient, lacks the supposedly
effective ingredients

2.2 How much effect does counseling and psychotherapy have?

- To describe how much impact counseling and psychotherapy has researchers usually use a
measure of effect size

- Variable = something that can take on different numerical values

, PRTP SUMMARY 2018 4

- Effect size (ES) = measure of strength of relationship between two variables

> Large effect size → things are strongly linked, small effect size → things are weakly linked

> Most commonly used: Cohen’s d → expresses the amount of difference between scores of
different groups relative to background variation within groups

> (0.2 small | 0.5 moderate | 0.8 large)

> A larger Cohens d usually comes with a significant difference but they are not synonymous:
factors like sample size make it possible to have one without the other

- Correlation = another way of expressing effect sizes; take value between 0 (not related at all)
and +/- 1 (perfectly related)→ appropriate for two continuous variables

- Meta analysis = statistical procedure which brings together findings from similar studies to
estimate overall effects → one of the most reliable sources of information

> Found that effect sizes for counseling and psychotherapeutic practices (compared with no-
treatment control) are somewhere around 0.75-0.85 (large)

- Cohens d of 8.0 can be translated into around 79% of clients who will do better after therapy
than people who did not receive it

- Clinical change = effect sizes do not necessarily translate into the clinical setting → even with a
large effect size, people still may be leaving therapy with larger than desired distress (e.g. if
prestress levels were high)

> Clinically significant improvement = movement from within a range of scores of a clinical
population to a range that is non-clinical (normal)

2.3 Change in the real world: the effectiveness of therapy

- Effectiveness = extent to which an intervention, when used under ordinary circumstances,
brings about a desired effect

- Real people do not fit into the neat recruitment clusters of research → e.g. they have a number
of diagnoses

- There is a difference between efficacy (what difference therapy can make) and effectiveness
(what actual difference it makes)

- Studies of clinically representative (real world) conditions indicate its highly effective (just as
effective as under controlled conditions)

2.4 Do some people get worse in therapy?

- There is a significant minority that does not improve → 5-10% deteriorate in therapy, compared
to less than 5% deterioration rates in non-therapy groups

> Some therapies are harmful, problematic or traumatizing

- Drop out = when client fails to attend schedules visits or withdraws from therapy before
therapist thinks its advisable

> About half of all clients drop out → 1/3 due to dissatisfaction with therapist, 1/3 due to feeling
their problems are sufficiently solved, and 1/3 due to environmental constraints (lack of time)

> Higher rates of drop out among people with lower SES, education, and black/minority status

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper reneelipka161. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €8,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Samenvatting

Summary "Essential Research Findings" from Cooper

Document informatie

Onderwerpen

Gekoppeld boek

Meer samenvattingen voor studieboek

Geschreven voor

2 beoordelingen

Verkoper

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

In een paar klikken geregeld

Direct to-the-point

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?