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Exam question and answers on the topic of Family for AQA Sociology
Exam questions and answers on the topic of family for AQA Sociology
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couplesOutline and explain two ways in which relationships are becoming more equal
P-one of the ways relationships are becoming more equal=change in the position of women=more
women working-families are becoming symmetrical.Aswell as men
March of progress view-women going out to work is leading to more equal division of labour-
willmott and young-men are becoming more involved in house work and childcare just as women
becoming more involved in paid work outside the home. female homemaker.
joint conjugal roles-bott=couples share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their
leisure tome together.-contrasts-segregated conjugal roles=couples had sehregated conjugal roles-
male breadwinner and female homemaker-parsons=instrumental and expressive role
E-roles= more similar = girls greater success in education
greater success in education=achieve better jobs than in previous generations e.g tripartite
system(1944)=girls had to gain a higher mark than boys to get into a grammer school=they would go
to secondary modern-now=national curriculum-education reform act in 1988=teach at c-d level=not
good qualification-tradition had influence(gender roles)-intro gcse and couse work=browne
girls=more organised-slee-boys are less attractive to schools=seen as liability students-sewell-
schools=celebratequalities more closely associated with girls e.g methodical working and
attentiveness in class=not masculine traits e.g competetiveness and leadership. female homemaker.
=more women in work force=changes their aspiration-sharpe sudy=before=proritised marriage and
children=now their careers.
priorities of women have changed=higher divorce rate=sharpe study-girls had lower
aspirations=belived that educational success was unfeminine=appearing ambitous would be
considered unattractive-1974=prioritised=love husband children marriage and the career
1990s=girls ambitions had changed and they had a different order of priorities=more likely to see
their future as an independent woman with a career=rater than being dependent on their husband
and his income-oconnor-study of 14-17 yr olds=marriage and children were not a major part of their
life plans-1990s
e.g Gershuny-women working full time=equal division of labour at home=less domestic work than
other women-proportion of women working=rose from 53%(1971) to 67% in 2013
A-focus on career=women are having children later-between 1971 and 2012 their average age at the
birth of their first child rose by 4 yrs.
-change in laws/policies=enabled them to work e.g:
Equal pay act-encoursged women to work (1970)= aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex-
reducing difference in salary between men and women=uk gender pay gap has fallen to only 8.6%
Drew- eu countries are moving more towards individualistic gender regimes-e.g state provisin of
childcare in sweeden-less dependent on husbands(financially dependent) e.g state provision of child
careGender regimes-countries base family policies as couples having equal status.
,Unlike familistic gender regimes- governments base their policies on the assuption that the husband
works to support the family while his wife stays at home.=like in greece-no state provision of
childcare.
L-roles become more equal as the opportunities for women increase.
P-another way that relationships are becoming more equal=people no longer tolerate an unhappy
marriage or relationship=they have higherstandards of living and search for a pure relationship.
E- giddens-pure relationship=typical in the modern society-law ,religion,socialnorms=doesn’t hold
relationship together=nowadays=based on individual choice and equality-couples stay together=love
happiness or sexual attraction rather than tradition-duty/chldren.
No longer traditional patriarchal families=people now live in negotiated families-beck:
Beck argues that we now live in a 'risk society' whereby tradition has less influence and people have
more choice.
Contrasts before- roles were more fixed and people had less choice in how they lived their lives. For
example, people were once expected to get married, and then men would become the breadwinner
and women would become responsible for domestic work.=parsons instrumental
expressive=segregated conjugal roles-bott
A- The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, was passed on 17 July 2013, and the first marriages of
same sex couples took place on Saturday 29 March 2014. S=almond-introduction of civil
partnerships=undemined nuclear family=hayton-conservatives divided=modenisers=recognise that
families are now diverse-david cameron
More than 15,000 same-sex marriages have taken place since it became legal in England.
Same sex couples-dunne=lesbian couples had more symmetrical relation ships because of the
absence of traditional heterosexual gender scripts-norms set out –gender roles men and women are
expected to play.-weeks same sex relationships offer greater posibilities of equality-division of
labour=not based on patriarchal tradition.=
Less likely to experience domestiv violence- fran ansley-takers of shit-safety valve(zaretsky)-soak up
frustration their husbands suffer at work.
mart-gay men and and lesbians attached no importance to who controlled the money and were
perfectly happy to leave this to their partners=control of money=no meaning of
equality/ineuality.=less likey domestic violence:
Money management-allowance system(phal)-one of the main types of control over family income-
men give their wives an allowance-they have to budget to meet needs of family-man retaining-any
surplus income for himself.=depend on men-financial security=more authority.-gay/lesbian=joint
conjugal roles-not one bread winner.
,A-more cohabiting couples:
Only a third of 18-20 yr olds=marriage should come first=40% of births taking place outside of birth-
laws e.g -almond=69000 same sex cohabiting couples-in 1989=44% people agreed that premartial
sex is not wrong-65% in 2012
L- Weeks-chosen families=offer same securityand stability as heterosexual familiy-friendship as
kinship-weston-same sex cohabitation=quasi marriages-gay couples are now decidingto cohabit as
stable partners-fictive kin=more choice=more equality.
Outline and explain two ways relationships are not becoming equal:
P- amily and marriage=key institutions in the patriarchal society=main source of womens
opression=men dominate women through domestic violence e.g dobash and dobash- Dobash and
Dobash (1979) interviewed female victims of domestic violence. Dobash and Dobash found that
violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority such as his
wife asking why he was late home for a meal=power as the breadwinner of the family
E-one of the ways in which couples are not becoming equal=oakley-only 15% of husbands had a high
level of participation in housework and only 25% had a high level participation of child care=sex
typing of domestic tasks=30x more likely to have done the washing =husbands were 4x morelikely to
be the last person to wash the car-according to warde.
Still instrumental and expressive roles=husbands=geared towards achieving success at work so
thatjb he can provide for the family financially=bread winner-expressive role=geared towards
primary socialisation of children and meeting the familys emotional needs=homemaker a full time
housewife rather than a wage earner.=segregated conjugal roles-bott.
A-This is through-individualistic gender regime
individualistic gender regime : Base their policies on beliefs of gender equality. This means that each
partner has a separate entitlement to state benefits. For example in Sweden policies treat husbands
and wives as equally responsibile for breadwinning and domestic tasks
Aswell as
Money management-allowance system(phal)-one of the main types of control over family income-
men give their wives an allowance-they have to budget to meet needs of family-man retaining-any
surplus income for himself.=depend on men-financial security=more authority.-gay/lesbian=joint
conjugal roles-not one bread winner .
L-Therefore=the segregated conjugal roles within family causes domestic violence=inequality
between relationships
, P-material explanation-wilkinson-kate micket see domestic violence as the result of stress of family
members caused by social inequality.
Economic and material factors e.g inequalities in income and housing=some groups=more at risk
than others.-wilkinson=domestic violence=result of stress on family members.-fewer resouces than
others.-relative deprivation=cannot keep up with the jones.
E-responsibilty as male breadwinner=strain to anomie=husbands are exploited at work=frustration
because of aileanation-cannot achieve status through legitimate means- elease of frustration-
blocked opportunities.-allocated to lower paid jobs e.g labelled negatively=placed in
lowerstreams=morelikely to internalise negative label-hidden curriculum=become obedient-
workforce=accept inequality=release anger on their family=culturally deprived=prepared for the
obedient work force-not for highly paid jobs
Wood et al=job applications=one in 16 ethnic minority=offered an interview as against one in nine
white applicants
Act as a safety valve=women are the takers of shit who soak up the frustration their husbands feel
due to aileanation and exploitation they suffer at work.-fran ansley
A-triple shift-men on average did eight hours of housework a week where as women did 13
hours=men spent 10 hours on care for family members=whereas women spent 23 hours-according
to british social attitude survey
Emotion work hochschild=responsible for managing the feelings of family members e.g handling
jealousies and squabbles between siblings=ensuring everyone is happy-marsden=triple shift=house
work,paid work and emotion work.=67% women in the work force
L-greater class inequality=poorer families=more unequal=kan found that for every 10000 a year
more a wman earns=do two hours less housework.
Childhood
Two arguments that argue childhood is a fixed universal stage:
P-poorer children have a more difficult childhood –like in black caribbean families=51%=90% is
headed by a lone mother=absence of male breadwinner=poorer families
Not all children share status or experiences=children of different nationalities=likely to experience
different chilhoods-bhatti=poor mothers are more likely to have low birth weight babies which in
turn is linked to delayed physica;l and intellectual development.
E- -charles murray-providing generous welfare benfits-perverse incentive=reward for irresponsible
behaviour-fathers see that the state will maintain their children=abandon their responsibilities
towards their families.
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