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Summary CAPS/IEB Grade 10 Geomorphology
Summary of the structure of the Earth, plate tectonics, folding and faulting, earthquakes and volcanoes.
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By: michaelpioquinto • 3 year ago
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Platinum – Grade 10 GeographyChapter 1: The Structure of the Earth
Unit 1: The internal structure of Earth
• Geomorphology is the study of the Earth’s physical features and the processes that formed
them.
• Crust: the solid outer layer of Earth, 5-70km thick. This forms the land as
well as the rocks under the ocean.
• Mantle: the layer between the crust and the core – composed of
soft rock. It makes up 80% of Earth’s volume. The upper part of
the mantle is a hot sticky liquid of molten rock.
• Core: made up of a solid inner core and hot, molten outer core. It
has a radius of 8000km and average temperatures of 5000℃.
• Molten: in a very hot liquid state.
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, Platinum – Grade 10 Geography
Unit 2: Classification of rocks
• Earth’s crust is a thin layer made up of rocks.
• 70% of Earth’s crust is covered with water. On land, we usually see bare rocks as
cliff/mountains/large boulders. In flat areas, rocks are covered with soil, buildings and plants.
• Igneous rock:
o First rocks to form after Earth began cooling
down more than 4 billion years ago.
o They form when a red hot liquid called
magma cools and becomes solid.
o Igneous rocks forming when volcanoes erupt
and pour lava and ash onto Earth’s surface.
o Extrusive igneous rock: rocks that form from
hot material on Earth’s surface.
o Intrusive igneous rock: rocks that form from
magma that has cooled inside Earth’s crust.
Formation of intrusive and extrusive igneous rock
Kinds of igneous Where formed Composition Occurrence in SA
rock
Extrusive rock: basalt On Earth’s surface Small, fine crystals, High peaks of the
from volcanic and usually dark. uKhahlamba-
fissure eruptions. Drakensberg
Intrusive rock: granite Inside Earth’s crust; Large crystals that can Usually exposed by
some igneous be seen; often lighter erosion or digging;
intrusions occur deep in colour, grey. Cape mountains.
in Earth’s crust.
• Sedimentary rock:
o Form from sediments that are deposited in water,
usually on the floor of the oceans.
o Sediments are pieces of rocks, stones, remains
of plants and animals, stones and mud that are
worn off the land and are carried along in rivers
to the ocean.
o E.g. sandstone, limestone and coal
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, Platinum – Grade 10 Geography
o Clastic sedimentary rock:
§ Weathering: the process that breaks down large rocks surfaces into smaller
boulders, stones, pebbles and grains of sand.
§ Erosion: the process whereby weathered material carried away by water, wind
or ice rubs away the surface of Earth.
§ Sediment: small stones, pebbles, sand, soil and mud.
§ Clastic sedimentary rock: rocks that form from pieces of weathered and eroded
material such as sand and pebbles. Clasts are the little pieces of broken up
rock and they can be big or small.
§ Process of formation:
• Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering and erosion. They are
washed or slide downhill into a river. The pieces wash along the river
getting smaller as they bounce off rocks, eventually becoming grains or
mud.
• Over long periods of time the sand and mud build up on the ocean floor
near the mouths of the river. The weight of the sediments on the bottom
layer slowly compresses the grains together. Chemicals from the water
cement the particles together, turning the sediments into sedimentary
rock.
• Sediments may be forced above the sea by moving continents to form
ranges of mountains.
o Organic sedimentary rock:
§ Fossils may occur
inside these rocks.
§ These are rocks that
form from plant and
animal remains.
§ How coal forms:
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