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PYC4804 EASTERN PERSPECTIVE SUMMARY 2021

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The following document contains a summary of the Eastern Perspective for PYC4804 for 2021.

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  • April 12, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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arishkamaharaj8
CHAPTER 16: Eastern Perspectives
PYC4804- PERSONOLOGY

BACKGROUND:

u Growing interest in Eastern psychology attributed to Eastern theories’ comprehensive perception of
states of consciousness.
u Consciousness  represent the beginning and end of all human experience.

How does Eastern Psychology Differ from Western Psychology:
 Most NB difference lies in their epistemologies and ontological points of departure.
 Western psychology comes from philosophical and scientific tradition strongly embedded in positivist
objective view of person and empirical paradigm.
 Mainstream Western psychology typified as scientific, analytical and reductionist with goal of analysing,
predicting and controlling human behaviour.
 Western psychology is influenced by a Western rational, individualistic and extraverted lifestyle.

 Eastern psychology and insights originate from religious and metaphysical tradition with subjective
observation and direct subjective experience as its paradigm.
 It reflects a more introverted, collective and mystical Eastern lifestyle.
 In the East focus is on the person having experience and method is based on first-person introspection.

 In the West  focus is on object of experience based on methods of third-person observation and
measurement.
 Eastern psychology could be typified as intuitive and integrating  major aims to acquire knowledge of
the soul and how to set soul free through self-actualisation.
 Self-actualisation  realisation of Atman (the real self) by transcending jiva (temporary changing aspect
of the self).
 Eastern perspective believes in an impassive being.
 Eastern psychology is anchored in that they say one should aim at becoming aware of world as
inseparable reality and everything is connected, interrelated and a unity.

 Eastern psychology centers around collectivism and more interested in person’s harmonious
connectedness to fellow humans, society, nature and the cosmos.
 Hsu avoids term ‘personality’ and uses the word ‘ren’ instead  means personage.
 Kalpana  the term ‘personality’ does not entail all aspects and essential qualities of personality such as
spiritual personality.
 Roland  concluded that in the East little prominence is given to individualized self.
 According to him  the contextualised self is more central idea in Eastern psychology together with
emphasis on familial self and spiritual self.
 Stronger disposition towards collectivism and spirituality does not signal an absence of individuality or
self-actualisation.
 In the East  self-actualisation means transcendence of the self or extension of the self.
 In Western psychology  the ego, ‘I” or self is central and must be preserved, extended or actualised at
all costs.

,  Eastern aim is to dissolve the ego.
 Eastern perspective  individual can only attain ultimate destiny through transcending the self or even
renouncing the self.
 Meditation  primarily is the withdrawal of attention from the outside world.

 Despite differences between these two perspectives  in acknowledging these differences we should
not exclude one perspective to the detriment of the other.
 They should be seen as complementary points of view.

PERSONALITY ACCORDING TO VEDANTA:

Background:

 Vedanta  orthodox Indian philosophical tradition.
 Sankara  non-dualistic Vedanta.

Worldview and View of Person:

 No possible to separate view of the persona and worldview inherent in Sankara’s non-dualistic (Advaita)
approach.
 Primary hypothesis  Existence of single fundamental reality  Brahman which is omnipresent, without
form or feature and basically indescribable.
 Brahman is metaphysical concept which in lay terms is described as ‘cosmic soul’
 Ultimate reality enfolds, transfuses and transcends phenomenal world OR world of objects which
humans know and experience through sense and erroneously accept as only true reality.

 Brahman experienced in 2 ways:
o Through trans cognitive state of consciousness in which the transcendent, formless and featureless
Brahman is experienced.
o Through ordinary sense and reason with which we know phenomenal world.

 Vedantic approach  combination of monistic ontology with dualistic epistemology, a single reality that
can be known in two ways.
 Real individual self  Atman is essentially same as single, formless Brahman and forms partial unity with
Brahman.
 The Atman can be depicted as individual soul or self.
 Individuals real self can only be experienced in trans-cognitive state of consciousness where separation
of subject and object disappears.

 Phenomenal world is experienced as reality  it is only in higher trans-cognitive state the “I” of
phenomenal world is experience as invalid and therefore as ‘non-self’.
 It is only from higher consciousness that phenomenal world can be observed as an illusion.

 Brahman is characterized as indescribable  3 properties attributed to essential reality.
o Being
o Consciousness

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