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Summary of all terms and definitions from The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience by Jamie Ward, Third Edition R59,40
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Summary of all terms and definitions from The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience by Jamie Ward, Third Edition
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  • Cognitive Neuroscience
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  • The Student\'s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience

This document contains all terms and definitions from chapters 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, and 16. You can use it to make flashcards or to study for you exams. It could even be handy for just having on your computer while getting through the book so you can seek out the definitions of terms very ...

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  • No
  • 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16
  • April 27, 2021
  • 15
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

Subjects

  • psychology
  • cognitive
  • cognitive neuroscience
  • neuroscience
  • hersenen
  • brain
  • lesions
  • auditory
  • premotor cortex
  • motor cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • frontal lobes
  • parietal lobes
  • temporal lobes
  • occipital lobes
  • agnosia

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Cognitive neuroscience terms

Introduction to the brain

Gray matter = matter consisting primarily of neuronal cell bodies
White matter = tissue of the nervous system consisting primarily of axons and support cells

Glia = support cells of the nervous system involved in tissue repair and in the formation of
myelin
Corpus callosum = a large white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres
Ventricles = the hollow chambers of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

Anterior = towards the front
Posterior = towards the back
Superior = towards the top
Inferior = towards the bottom

Dorsal = towards the top (back)
Ventral = towards the bottom (front)
Lateral = the outer part
Medial = in or toward the middle

Gyri = the raised folds of the cortex
Sulci = the buried grooves of the cortex

Brodmann’s areas = regions of cortex defined by the relative distribution of cell types across
cortical layers

Basal ganglia = regions of subcortical gray matter involved in aspects of motor control and
skill learning; they consist of structures such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus
pallidus

Limbic system = a region of subcortex involved in relating the organism to its present and
past environment; limbic structures include the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex,
and mamillary bodies

Thalamus = a major subcortical relay center; for instance, it is a processing station between
all sensory organs (except smell) and the cortex

Hypothalamus = consists of a variety of nuclei that are specialized for different functions that
are primarily concerned with the body and its regulation

Superior colliculi = a midbrain nucleus that forms part of a subcortical sensory pathway
involved in programming fast eye movements

Inferior colliculi = a midbrain nucleus that forms part of a subcortical auditory pathway

, Cerebellum = structure attached to the hindbrain; important for dexterity and smooth
execution of movement
Pons = part of the hindbrain; a key link between the cerebellum and the cerebrum

Medulla oblongata = part of the hindbrain; it regulates vital functions such as breathing,
swallowing, heart rate, and the wake-sleep cycle

The developing brain

Nature-nurture debate = the extent to which cognition and behavior can be attributed to
genes or environment

Neuroconstructivism = a process of interaction between environment and multiple,, brain-
based constraints that leads to the mature cognitive system emerging out of transformations
of earlier ones

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) = a hemodynamic method that measures blood
oxygenation, normally in one brain region

Neural tube = the embryo’s precursor to the central nervous system, consisting of a set of
cells arranged in a hollow cylinder

Neuroblasts = stem cells for neurons

Radial glial cells = support cells that guide neurons from the neural tube to final destination

Myelination = an increase in the fatty sheath that surrounds axons and increases the speed
of information transmission

Filial imprinting = the process by which a young animal comes to recognize the parent

Critical period = a time window in which appropriate environmental input is essential for
learning to take place

Sensitive period = a time window in which appropriate environmental input is particularly
important (but not necessarily essential) for learning to take place

Empiricism = in philosophy, the view that the newborn mind is a blank slate

Nativism = in philosophy, the view that at least some forms of knowledge are innate

Instinct = a behavior that is a product of natural selection

Prepared learning = the theory that common phobias are biologically determined from
evolutionary pressures

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