Class notes

SHC 410 Lecture Notes: Theme 13,14,15,18

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Course
SHC 410 - Hydraulics (SHC410)

Institution
University Of Pretoria (UP)

These are some of the SHC 410 handwritten notes I made during my time at the University of Pretoria. These notes cover examples, explanations and additional research. They are written on either the given lecture slides or in a separate notebook. Have a look at the bundle deals if you are planni...

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Uploaded on May 30, 2021
Number of pages 60
Written in 2020/2021
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Dr loots
Contains 13,14,15,18

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shc410
shc 410
410
hydraulics
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tuks
pretoria
civil
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JKEARNEY
NOTES

SHC 410

, 3/02/2020 SedimentTranspo
Movement & Effect of sedimentation :
deposition of
-

sediment Structures
scouring& of foundations
↳
→
.
.

↳ Canals
scouring sedimentation
→
.

↳ Reservoirs loss of
capacity
→

sedimenttransportoo.cc
Bed load boulders
Deposition {
rolling
* :

.
*
Suspended load suspended particles
:

water Colloidal water (difficult remove)
quality
← *
stays in to
:

roughness T )
* As Froude number increases (
more sediment can into suspension
go .

AMmountofmaterialtransporte.cl# → under
given conditions

Dependent
( interaction
on →

→
Quality &
Quantity of sediment

of stream to
Influences the
between )
Capacity transport

quality
& { Groupie # Sediment brought down depend on

of & of watershed
quantity Geology Topography
of rainfall Intensity
Duration & Distribution
sediment
Magnitude
*
.

, ,

Soil Moisture
Vegetal
* * cover

Grazing Surface
* * erosion

nation
24/7 Duration

Topootaµ¥¥¥¥
rainfall rainfall
Magnitude

8
Geology New grazing
i. ooo : :! ! LT Erosion .

Soil moisture

, Groupie of transport sediment
capacity stream to
→ a

Hydraulic
{ Slope Discharge Viscosity
* * *

Velocity
of
properties *
RoughnessRadius
* *
Density
the stream .
*
Hydraulic * Turbulence

cEE÷¥÷iEmois
of sediment
size &
gradation

inn roughness Tractive
forces
Q

radius
Hydraulic

Definitions
dice thick) above the bed
Bed
layer Flow
layer (2
grain
-
. .

Bed load Sediment that rolls / slides bed
along
→ .

i. e .
Contact Load .

Bed material → Sediment mixture of stream bed .

Bed material Part of total sediment
discharge } Cfoonupnodsqd of
grain sizes
the bed
discharge on .

Discharged
weighed
concentration unit volume of
.
→
Dry weight of sediment per
discharge
sediment moved
Load
by stream
- .

Sediment →
Quantity of sediment that
pass a 0 per
Discharge unit time .

Sediment
yield
→

Suspended load → Sediment supported
turbulence .
by upward components of

, Frictionformulao.Uniformflow.ee *
a-ureunuitynfotr.EE?onbat9Ees
/ 0pgµ
.

t } Gravity force in
pgtthxsinco flow direction
)
I #
← .

To×P×L } Shear force
↳ Perimeter
To
%
xPL=pgAL×sinco )
since sinlojretancofs .
} Shallow slope

To=pgA#
P

To=pgRSo
↳
boundry stress
mean .

, Forcesonpartickso

-

#

£§€Ecaag#
-
a-

-
to

00800000
* shear force on bed W' (Ps p)
xgxvs ( weight)
= -

force
* on a
grain .

Unit area :
Ap Areaotpartice
=

nr of particles a. Ape
Total area D 502

To A FD xttp D 50 size of
passing
ooo : 50%

D 502

* Point where a particle is about to move :
Cf angle of repose
-

To =
Tcr
* if To > Ter -

unstable
To shear force particles will move
by water &
-

.

Ten -

force required to move the particle .

xDf
'
Tcr A
Cps pg xtanc
-
x

Volume
Tcr_ A ( Q)
( ps ptg xD
- Itxgttpxtan

, Incipent hreshd lmotiono .co 400

To =p
xgxRx5←{ When Rett 7400 →
TCR =

0,056 x (Ps p
-

)gxD5O
↳ Flow is turbulent around the bed
material fully
.

Read value from
When Re* L 400 →
graph
↳ Tcr x (Ps
Pg xD 50
-

number ← Re* 1,14×10-6 Mls
U*yD5o_
2

Reynolds
=
V
=

,

t
kinematic
viscosity .

& U*
=p# Density of the fluid
f p
-
.

Shear
velocity

:{
HRS valid
Dso is
only when D= 1,65
=Ps
=

IEEE ↳
*
assumptions .
z¥

, falllsettlingjveloc.it# submerged
of sediment
gelatine density
diapmeter
Fallingeocity LIFE
f- ilgbd and D=
lPs#
Constant & function of CD

Assume - Sf for
t
=L and CD -2
large D

form factor and CD -

24
REI
Consider a
falling particle :
( Ps p
)xgxt=LzCDxPxAxVFs2
-

ps-plxgxtTDT3-ICDxpxltgdxUFSZVFSZ-kxbgxf.DE
(

)
thus
VFs=y/¥×tg×d

VF5-AxilgxdxD.AT/IzxITFallVelocity:-
given

Rough VFs=T/2zgD⑦
a) sediment - CD -2

b) Fine sediment →
6=24*2
yr-s-yftfxrffxg.AT
& Re*=VFSxD
T

:tFs=gy
o

, Scourestimationo
→
Complexities:
* Non
Homogeneous mixtures of water a sediment
-

* 3D flow patterns
*
Difficulty establishing actual geometries .

actual scour depths
*
Observing
*
Highly variable properties .

long term t short term @ Piers & abutments

enteral
^

p
Total scour =
EG t contraction + Local scour

Alluvial channel scour →

Cohesive bed channel scour →

Scouring : As
ooo
a

Velocity
river scours the
decreases
depth
→
increases
scour potential increases

Scourcountermeasureso
① Hydraulic countermeasures
River Berms
↳
training
↳ Bed armour
structures →
Spurs ,
Dykes ,

ing →
Riprap Gabi ons
,

ing
↳ Local scour armour →

② Structural →
Foundations

③
During maintenance →

{ EROSION If Hydraulic
Fwriaggestation }
:

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SHC 410 Lecture Notes: Theme 13,14,15,18

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