These notes will help you gain a better understanding of :
Life Cause Theories, Feminist Pathways Perspective, and Context Perspectives and their assumptions.
gender neutral factors which are associated with pathways into crime and recidivism.
what is meant by gender specific factors
what is m...
1. Understand the value of the Feminist Pathways Perspective
The focus is placed on the distinctive risks that girls and women face
which contribute to their entry into or escalation of criminal offending.
It acknowledges that girls and women are differently exposed to, or
respond in a different manner, to risks for criminal behaviour compared
to boys and men.
The perspective concedes that gender-neutral factors such as education,
criminal history, and criminal networks are associated with both women’s
and men’s crime and recidivism.
However, the perspective highlights that there also exists gender-specific
factors such as victimisation and mental health that play a more
prominent role in the criminal offending of women than that of men.
It notes differences in criminal development not only between men and
women, but also within groups of women.
The perspective has explanatory value with reference to the aetiology
(causes) and progression of women offending.
The perspective has pragmatic applicability in terms of:
- addressing risks for women offending;
- identifying resource and programming needs for women; and
- responsivity to justice and service intervention for women.
2. Understand case studies and be able to identify the perspective in which the case
study belongs.
3. Understand what is meant by gender neutral factors which are associated with
pathways into crime and recidivism.
The perspective concedes that gender-neutral factors such as education,
criminal history, and criminal networks are associated with both women’s
and men’s crime and recidivism.
4. Understand what is meant by gender specific factors
factors such as victimisation and mental health that play a more
prominent role in the criminal offending of women than that of men
5. Understand what is meant by the pragmatic (practical) value.
The perspective has pragmatic applicability in terms of:
- addressing risks for women offending;
- identifying resource and programming needs for women; and
- responsivity to justice and service intervention for women.
6. Understand what is meant by Factor Analysis
, Simpson, Yahner and Dugan quantitatively tested factors represented in
Daly’s typology, using 351 jailed women awaiting trial or disposition. Their
factor analysis identified two distinct groups of “street women”, namely
(i) a group representing a high number of lifetime arrests, incarceration
and felony convictions; and (ii) a group representing strong links with
criminal networks. Among “harmed and harming” women the factor
analysis revealed strong associations with serious childhood abuse,
violent victimisation and offensive violence in adulthood, including both
partner and non-partner violent incidents. For “drug-connected” women
a strong association was found with unemployment, drug use, drug
dealing and drug-involvement of partners, as well as use of defensive
violence against partners. Among “battered women” strong associations
were identified with violent victimisation, but not defensive violence.
These women sometimes co-offended with partners in property crimes
unrelated to substance use. Among the “other women” pathway a strong
association was identified with older women from two-parent homes
with later ages of criminal onset and sexual activity.
7. Understand what is meant by incarceration studies and why the focus of
incarceration studies has traditionally been on a classical criminology studies that
had a specific focus in the past (understand what these studies entail).
Incarceration studies are studies to explore the reasons why women come
into conflict with the law and end up in the correctional system.
Female offending was considered unimportant as a social phenomenon and
irrelevant to the development of theories about the etiology of crime.
The study aimed to generate new knowledge around women, crime and
incarceration and to contribute to the formulation of more effective and
appropriate correctional policies that take into account the particular context
that shapes female criminality and the specific factors that inform women’s
experiences of incarceration.
8. Understand what it means that Feminist Pathways moves away from these
classical criminology studies on incarceration.
Prior to the late 1970s, across the world women and girls were virtually invisible
in the study of crime and incarceration. This began to change in 1975 when the
women’s liberation movement prompted the development of new theories
focused specifically on female offending.
9. Understand what changed the exclusive focus in criminology on male crime for the
first time.
Women’s experiences of crime and justice differ from men’s and that studies of
male offenders have only limited application to women.
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