Summary
Summary Migration
This document contains a summary of the AS and A level textbook migration section.
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5. Migration5.1) Migration as a component of population change
Movements of population: definitions
Migration is the permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people
for more than the duration of 1 year movement of less than 1 year should be
deemed circulatory movements
Internal migration: migration within the boundaries of one nation
International migration: migration across international frontiers
Immigration: migration into a country
Emigration: migration out of a country
Net migration = number of immigrants – number of emigrants (both from the same
country/region, the balance may be positive or negative indicates whether the
country population grew/declined)
Origin: place migrating from
Destination: place migrating to
Migration stream: migrants sharing a common origin and destination
Counter stream: the stream of migrants opposite to that of the original migration
stream. Usually results at a lower volume than the original migration stream
containing migrants who are dissatisfied with their destination and return home
Push factor: what causes a migrant to leave in the first place not always negative
Pull factor: perceived better conditions/advantages in the place where the migrant
wishes to migrate to
Causes of migration
Push factors Pull factors
Low wages, low standard of living, Higher wages, improved standard of
poverty living
Lack of job opportunities, only More opportunities, better jobs
unskilled jobs available available
Lack of amenities such as schools Better amenities and services
and hospitals
Poor quality of life e.g. poor housing Improved quality of life e.g. the
prospect of better housing
Conflict, war and/or political Freedom from oppression
oppression
Persecution of minority groups Tolerance of other people’s views,
within society opinions and attitudes
Natural hazards e.g. volcano or Better environment, no/few natural
drought hazards
* causes are in general use common sense to add more
* factors will be dependent on place (LIC, MIC, HIC)
,Role of constraints, obstacles and barriers
As well as considering the push and pull factors, migrants have to be aware of the
difficulties they will face when making the journey to a new home and the difficulties
they may face once they have arrived
Cost
Financial cost of closing up at point of origin. May be insignificant for moor
individual/family with few possessions but in richer countries the cost of disposing of
possessions and selling a house may be significant
Emotional cost of leaving family, friends and familiar location
Cost of the journey itself. Depends on distance to be travelled and method of travel
e.g. plane vs. car vs boat etc.
Opening up costs at point of destination (new home, furniture or living with
relatives)
The journey
Distance is often the greatest barrier. Longer journeys take more time and cost more
money. It is difficult to return to the point of origin if the migrant has moved a long
way. Dangers include getting lost on the desert or drowning when an overcrowded
boat sinks in the Mediterranean
Immigration laws
Population growth in MICs and LICs has led to increased migration to HICs such as
the USA and richer EU countries. As the flow of poor migrants increased, most
countries imposed greater restrictions. Most HICs now only allow in workers with
high-level skills. These barriers mean that many people chose to migrate illegally
Factors of migration
Gender- based factors
Traditionally, men have migrated to find work and send remittances home to their
families reinforced by barriers that only allow the worker and no their family to
enter into a country
Changing employment factors if most of the jobs available are in construction or
the heavy industry, then it is usually the men who migrate
As the economy of the place of destination develops, more jobs become available in
the service industry e.g. nurses, domestic servants and nannies women migrate
Age-based factors
Traditionally it has been young people who have migrated. Young people are fit,
health, have ambition and few family ties
Students migrate to rich HICs where universities are seen to be superior
Old people who migrate, especially when they retire (HIC & MIC), they move from
the cities in which they have worked in, to areas with a pleasant climate and relaxed
scenery e.g. coastal areas such as Florida, USA
, Case Study – Push and Pull Factors in Brazil
Push factors responsible for migration from rural areas:
Rural population growth: many villages in the rural areas now have clean water and
proper sewerage disposal. This has reduced the death rate and so the population
grows the farms cannot support all the extra people, so people move to the cities
the mechanisation of agriculture and commercial farming has reduced the demand
for farm labourers in most parts of the country
Natural hazards: the inland areas of north-east Brazil have long droughts followed by
devastating floods many of the peasant farmers simply gave up the struggle and
moved to the cities
farms and estates have been amagulated (blended), particularly by agricultural
production companies. In Brazil, high incidence of landlessness has led to a much
higher level of rural-urban migration than in most parts of Africa and Asia
conditions of rural employment are generally poor. Employers often ignore laws
relating to minimum wages and other employee rights
there is desertification on the north-east and deforestation in the north
underemployment and unemployment are significant
social conditions are poor, particularly in terms of housing, health and education
These factors have helped to accelerate the urban-rural migration stream:
Better transport: as the transport infrastructure develops, it becomes easier to move
around the country, reducing the barriers to migration
Better information: news and social media let country people see what city life can
be like often making city life more attractive
Industrialisation: industries grew in the cities and ports. Workers moved in to take
these new jobs which are better paid and more secure than working on the land.
Cities have a much wider range of unskilled and semi-skilled jobs than in the
countryside/rural areas
Success feeds of itself: industries attract workers who provide and affluent market.
This market attracts other industries and services which attract more workers and so
on called cumulative causation
Pull factors form internal migrants. Revolve around individuals wanting to better their
own and their children’s lives. Migrants hope to find particular advantages:
Greater likelihood of paid employment more likely in the informal sector than the
formal sector, even part-time in the formal sector is unlikely. Development in a skill
in the informal sector may lead to work in the formal sector later on. Paid
employment means that the migrant can save money even if amounts are initially
quite small
More/better health and education services particularly important for migrants
with children
Most migrants end up in favelas or cortices favela housing may be better than
housing in some rural areas
Greater access to retail services than in rural areas
Cultural and social attractions of large cities may be viewed as important factors in
the quality of life that the migrant would have in the city than in the rural areas
Internet access is lacking in the rural areas more important to younger migrants
More opportunities and better jobs: most secondary schools and universities are in
the cities as well as most of the well paid and important jobs
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