HBEDAAG Oct/NOV 2016
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Name two ethical considerations regarding the safekeeping of reports that you write about learners.
Indicate and discuss Howard Gardner’s NINE basic types of cognition.
Discuss how early nutrition and health interventions are linked to brain...
1.1 The positive psychology movement has had a significant impact on the way educational
psychologists have come to understand how relationships can support people. Discuss positive
psychology by providing a) a definition, b) the belief on which positive psychology is based, and c)
the three aspects that are interwoven in positive pschology. (11)
a) Positive psychology could be the scientific study of strengths and assets that enable individuals
and communities to thrive.
b) This is based on a belief that all people want to live meaningful lives, to cultivate persona
assets and to enhance experiences to love, work and play.
c) The three aspects that are interwoven in positive psychology:
Positive emotions – satisfaction with the past, joy in the present and hope for the future.
Positive individual characteristics and traits – resilience, coping skills, creativity, good self-
knowledge and self- esteem.
Positive institutions – the aim is to establish better communities.
1.2 Bronfenbrenner’s biological theory indicates interdependence and relationships between
organisms and their physical environment. Read the case study below and describe the
different systems that David is functioning in and how the systems might influence or
contribute to his current scholastic performance.
David’s parents have recently divorced. The divorce has been acrimonious David’s older brother,
with whom he has a close relationship with, stays with his father, while David and his mother
moved out of the family home into a small flat David had to change schools and his marks
dropped significantly. His mother got a new job with longer working hours to ensure greater
financial independence. The church provides David and his mother with basic groceries every
month to assist until she is on her feet again. (14)
a) The microsystem – This is part of the environment where David spends a lot of time, such as
home, school, church. It involves the roles, relationships and daily patterns. David spends
time in more than one microsystem as a given time as all children typically do.
b) The mesosystem – This system considers the interrelations between the various
microsystems where David spends his time. E.g.: David’s home circumstances can influence
his functioning at school (his marks dropped).
, c) The exosystem – This system puts an indirect influence on people’s development and
include, for example, his mother working longer hours.
d) The macrosystem – its any context that compasses any group whose members share values
or belief systems (culture, religion). It envelops all the other systems, influences all of them
and is also influenced be all of them.
e) The chronosystem – Developmental time influences all the interaction between the
different systems. For example: David’s family change when his parents divorced.
1.3 Name the constructivist principles that are central to teaching and learning. (5)
• The process that a child follows when learning, is as important as the content
• Learning should be active
• Connect what is familiar to the child to the unfamiliar
• Teachers need to guide children to discovery
• The knowledge should be “scaffolded”
• Group work and cooperative learning can form part of constructivism
• Language interaction (spoken, reading and writing) is important
QUESTION 2
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT, FEEDBACK AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 Where does ethics fit into the assessment cycle?
It explores confidentiality; protection of the learner that is being assessed and for record keeping.
2.2 The School Readiness Questionnaire shows that the child is ready for school. However, the
background questionnaire of the same child indicates a premature birth in the late preterm stage.
Would you be concerned about the premature birth? Give a reason for your answer. (2)
No. If the School Readiness Questionnaire indicated that the child is ready for school, a
positive indication of a premature birth on the background questionnaire should not raise
much of an eyebrow.
2.3 What is a developmental milestone? (2)
A developmental milestone is a functional skill or task that most children can do at a certain
age range.
2.4 Why should long list of various developmental milestones be avoided in a background
questionnaire? (1)
Only relevant development milestones should be determined.
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