This document is filled with mind maps. It covers the following topics: Buffers, Acid & Base, Calvin Cycle, Carbohydrates, Chemical Bonds, Chemiosmosis, Production of additional ATP, Coupling, Elements, Energy, Gas-forming Reactions, Insoluble Compounds, Light-dependent reactions, Chloroplasts, Lip...
Changes in pH can be very
harmful, chemical reactions
are very sensitive to
Internal pH in cells is close
to 7 changing concentrations of
H+ and Oh-
BUFFERS
Carbonic acid pH in blood is slightly basic Substance that minimizes
(7.4) and kept constant by changes in the
buffers. concentration of H+ and OH
- ions in a solution.
BLOOD
When pH drops (H+) increases, reaction shifts to the left Buffer
Donates H+ to the solution
when they are depleted
Consists of a weak acid & ACID
When pH rises (H+ decreases), reaction shifts to the right conjugating base that
reversibly donates or
+ Accepts H+ from solution
accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess
CONJUGATE BASE
Donates proton
Increases [H+]
ACID Each acid has a conjugate base
Strong acids dissociate completely in a solution
STRONG ACIDS
Ph<7
STRONG BASES
ACID and BASES Accepts proton
Kw Reduces [H+]
Each base has a conjugate
BASE acid
Strong bases dissociate
completely in a solution
Ph>7
, Named after: Melvin Calvin
Major transport sugar in plants ATP from light-dependent reactions
Disaccharide Photosynthesis C3
made of fructose OUTPUT
and glucose Used to form sucrose Cyclic and noncyclic
ENERGY
photophosphorylation
G3P
Stored for later use Used to make starch
Glucose is not a Drives endergonic reaction
To build
RuBP+CO2 -> PGA direct product of CALVIN CYCLE carbohydrates
Insoluble
CARBON glucose polymer
FIXATION Calvin Cycle cells use
NADPH from
PGA is reduced to G3P photosystem l
REDUCTION PHASES
PGA is used REDUCTION POTENTIAL
to regenerate Source of protons
RuBP REGENERATION OF RuBP and energetic
Uses enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase or rubisco electrons
3 turns incorporate enough carbon
to produce a new G3P
6 turns incorporate enough carbon
for 1 glucose
, Energy source of organisms
(Fuel for respira on).
3-6 carbons in a chain. Either
Simple sugars/ monomers. Usually an aldose (Aldehyde) or Ketose Can be combined into polymers
empirical formula of ____ (Ketone)
Converted into other organic
molecules
Loosely defined group of molecules
that all contain carbon, hydrogen
Maltose is 2 glucose monomers,
and oxygen in molar ra o 1:2:1
Dehydra on reac on to form sucrose is a fructose & glucose
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycocidic bond monomer
Dissaccharides glycosidic bond (Covalent Bond)
Amylose________ bonds is helix
STORAGE: plant storage shaped and unbranched.
polysaccharide is STARCH. Amylopec n______ and
(Insoluble) Starch is a _______bonds are branched.
Longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that polysaccharide of alpha glucose
have been joined through dehydra on reac on molecules and broken down by Animal storage polysaccharides is
Func on of polysaccharides hydrolysis to obtain glucose for called GLYCOGEN, more branched
is determined by monomers energy. than amylopec n. (Stored in
Polymers of many & posi on of glycocidic
muscle and liver cells)
Polysaccharides monosaccharides. bond.
STRUCTURAL: Cellulose in plant cell
walls are made of Beta glucose.
Straight molecule, no branching. OH-
groups and no microfibrils formed.
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