This document filled with more than 70 mind maps. It covers most of the FLG 212 topics, for example the heart, anatomy of the heart, cardiovascular system, flow rate and velocity of flow, physics of fluid flow, heart valves, pressure, resistance, kidney portal system, autorhythmic cell action poten...
Forms bulk of the heart Lies in the centre of the thoracic cavity.
Consists of contractile cardiomyocytes and non-contractile cardiocytes MYOCARDIUM Angles down to the left side of the body,
APEX
rests on the diaphragm
Contractile cardiomyocytes functions like skeletal muscle fibers BASE Lies just behind the sternum
Sandwich between 2 lungs
This prevents friction
The wall of the heart consists of contractile cardiac tissue,
A thin layer of pericardial fluid in the pericardial
non-contractile conducting tissue and connective tissue
space (between layers of the serous pericardium)
lubricates the external surface of the heart The heart forming the fibrous skeleton of the heart
Tissue is arranged in 3 layers:
PERICARDIUM Endocardium Myocardium Pericardium
Tough membranous sac Consists of two layers: Elastin
surrounding the heart Consists of connective tissue that contains
that prevents Collagen
1. Fibrous pericardium
over-distention of the heart
2. Serous pericardium
ENDOCARDIUM Forms heart valves
Forms smooth surface for the heart chambers
Outer parietal layer adhered Inner visceral layer
to fibrous pericardium adhered to the myocardium
, Major blood vessels associated with the heart
AORTA and PULMONARY TRUNK (artery)
Blood flows from the veins into direct blood away from the heart
the atria and from the atria
through one-way valves Inferior vena cava & Superior vena cava direct
into the ventricles blood back to the right-side of the heart.
Pulmonary veins direct blood to the left-side
of the heart
(Atrioventricular valves)
Coronary arteries and veins run in the shallow
grooves across the surface of the ventricles
and supply the heart muscle.
Anatomy of
Blood leaves the heart via
the pulmonary trunk
from the right ventricle and the heart
the aorta from the left The heart is divided into a left and right half septum
A second set of valves guard the exits of the Each half functions as an independent pump consisting of
ventricles so the blood cannot flow back into
the heart once it has been ejected Atrium Ventricle
Semilunar valves Receives blood returning to the heart Pump blood out into
from the blood vessels the blood vessels
, Closed, one-way circuit
Blood is steered along specific
routes to ensure the system
distribution of:
Overview Gases
Signal molecules
Wastes
What is the reason behind the pressure
generated by the pumping of the heart?
Creates force with which blood is propelled continuously
Cardiovascular
Components 1 Transport of materials to & from all parts of the body
System
Nutrients, water & gases
Heart and blood vessels Cardiovascular system
1.1 enter the body from the
Blood (Cells and plasma) external environment
and EFC
Materials move from cell to
1.2
cell within the body
carry blood
AWAY from heart 1.3 Wastes are eliminated
ARTERIES Functions
2 Cell-to-cell functioning
carry blood
TOWARDS heart Hormones secreted by endocrine
Components VEINS
2.1 glands travel in the blood to
Valves ensure one-way flow their targets.
of blood through the system.
Role in immune system by
3
transporting white blood cells
4 Thermoregulation
, How much blood flows past a point
Volume of blood that passes a given point
v= Q/A in the system per unit time
What is the flow rate?
Velocity of flow through a tube equals flow Flow rate and
rate divided by the tube's cross-sectional area
Velocity of Flow
What is the Velocity of flow?
Velocity is directly proportional Velocity varies inversely with diameter
to flow rate if surface if the flow rate is constant
The distance a fixed volume of blood
area remains constant
travels in a given period of time
Increased diameter:
decrease in velocity
How fast blood flows past a point
Decreased diameter:
increase in velocity
The heart generates pressure when
MAP is influenced by 2 parameters
it contracts
Cardiac Output (CO) Peripheral resistance Physics of fluid flow and
Arteries act as a pressure reservoirs
the cardiovascular system during the heart's relaxation
phase maintaining mean arterial pressure
(MAP)
What is MAP? Driving force of blood flow
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