Extensive summary 1.4C The Human Body (all literature)
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Course
1.4 The Human Body (FSWP1042A)
Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Book
Biological Psychology
This summary is about block 1.4C The Human Body. Within this summary are some very helpful figures and graphs. I obtained an 8.6 for my exam, using this summary!
Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 13th Edition (Kalat, 2019), Chapter 1-14 | All Chapters
Samenvatting Biological Psychology 14e editie H1 t/m 4
TEST BANK FOR BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 13TH EDITION, JAMES W. KALAT/ LATEST VERSION
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1.4 The Human Body (FSWP1042A)
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Problem 1 Brain and Body
Motor neuron = from the brain to the muscles (efferent)
Sensory neuron = from sensen to the brain (afferent)
Interneurons = has short or no axon, link within rather than between structures. Sends
messages between neurons.
Afferent nerves= carry information to CNS (approaching)
Efferent nerves= carry signals from CNS (exiting)
Neurons:
- multipolar neuron = neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell
body. (most neurons).
- unipolar neuron = neuron with one process extending from its cell body.
- bipolar neuron = a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.
- interneurons = integrate neural activity within a single brain structure (not to conduct
signals from one structure to antoher).
Glial cells= other types of cells in NS, provide support to neurons (nutrition, clearing waste,
physical matrix to hold neural circuits together)
Types of glial cells:
- Oligodendrocytes = in the brain and spinal cord
- Schwann cells = in the periphery of the body
- Both: Build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate
axons
- Both: Supply nan axon with nutrients necessary for proper functioning
- Microglia = part of the immune system.
- Removing viruses and fungi from the brain.
- Proliferate after brain damage, removing dead or damaged neurons.
- Contribute to learning by removing the weakest synapses.
- Astrocytes = star-shaped.
- Wrap around the synapses of functionally related axons. By surrounding a
connection between neurons, an astrocyte shields it from chemicals
circulating in the surroundings.
- Taking up the ions and transmitters released by axons and then releasing
them back. Helps synchronize closely related neurons, enabling their axons
to send messages in waves.
- Dilate blood vessels > bring more nutrients into brain areas that have
heightened activity.
- Important for: generating rhythms.
- Radial glia
- Guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during
embryonic development.
Cells of the nervous system:
CNS PNS
Clusters of cell bodies Nuclei (singular: nucleus) Ganglia (singular: ganglion)
, Bundles of axons Tracts Nerves
Nervous system
- Entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information, and the exiting
ventral roots carry motor information.
,Cells definitions
CNS PNS
Tract Nerve
= a set of axons within the CNS. = a set of axons in the periphery, either from
the CNS to a muscle or gland/ from a
sensory organ to the CNS
Nucleus Ganglion
= a cluster of neuron cell bodies = a cluster of neuron cell bodies
Somatic and Autonomic NS
, Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
Spinal Cord:
= Communicates with all sense organs and muscles, except those of the head
● Segmented structure; Each segment sends sensory information and receives motor
information from the brain. If segment is
● damaged, sensation is lost on the segment and below, also brain loses motor control
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